Wide-Angle Ceramic Retroreflective Luneburg Lens Based on Quasi-Conformal Transformation Optics for Mm-Wave Indoor Localization

Kaděra, Petr; Sánchez-Pastor, Jesús; Eskandari, Hossein; Tyc, Tomáš; Sakaki, Masoud; Schubler, Martin; Jakoby, Rolf; Benson, Niels; Jiménez-Sáez, Alejandro; Láčík, Jaroslav

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3166509

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…3D printed ceramics are widely used for antenna applications, e.g. dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) [20]- [23], GRIN lens [24], and dielectric waveguide-based antennas [25], [26]. Zirconia (ZrO 2 ), the primary material used in this paper, is a technical ceramic with high permittivity that has recently been printed with near-full density using a nanoparticle jetting (NPJ) technique [27]- [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Profile GRIN Lenses With Integrated Matching Using 3-D Printed Ceramic

Kordsmeier

Askari

et al. 2023

IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag.

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In this paper, we investigate a shortened horn antenna with high gain that is enabled by a 3Dprinted gradient index (GRIN) lens composed of high permittivity zirconia (ZrO 2 ). The baseline H-plane sectoral horn antenna is designed with length that is 1/3 of the optimal horn antenna and exhibits a low gain due to the high flaring rate of the horn. Increased gain is achieved by adding a flat GRIN lens at the horn aperture. High permittivity ZrO 2 (ε r = 23) enables lens miniaturization; however, when interfaced with air, reflections at the air interface increase the impedance mismatch. Two different methods for mitigating the reflections are studied. One is a simple λ/4 matching layer that matches the bulk permittivity of ZrO 2 to air. As expected, the λ/4 layers reduce the reflections in part of the 13-18 GHz band but produce high reflection in other parts. The second approach is a GRIN lens with integrated tapered matching layer to match phase and impedance simultaneously. Three tapering methods are studied (exponential, Klopfenstein, linear) for impedance matching. Analytical expressions of the minimum thickness and permittivity distribution are derived. The lens is discretized for print and three types of unit cells are proposed to create a wide range of permittivities ranging from bulk ceramic to air. A ZrO 2 lens prototype printed with an XJet Carmel 1400 is measured and results show good agreement with simulations, including gain performance equivalent to a horn of 2.4x longer length. The measured gain and beamwidth of the lens are 5.4dB higher and 52 • narrower than those of the shortened horn alone at 15 GHz, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Profile GRIN Lenses With Integrated Matching Using 3-D Printed Ceramic

Kordsmeier

Askari

et al. 2023

IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag.

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“…Therefore, several designs have been reported in the literature to support these factors [10]- [22]. In [10], without the use of a retro-reflector, three Dielectric Resonator (DR) linear arrays were arranged to allow coding of 3-bits (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, there is additional effort to design rod antennas as coupling elements between the lens and PhC resonators. A solution toward sparing the need of these rods is proposed in [22] by using quasi-conformal transformation optics to build a flattened lens. However, the lens has been tested with a metallic reflector instead of a coding particle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-Wave Retro-Directive Frequency Coded Lens by Curved One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Resonator

et al. 2022

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Innovating passive and chipless coded landmarks have recently emerged for high accuracy self-localization systems. Existing landmarks make use of the combination of retro-directive devices, corner reflectors and lenses, with a coding particle in order to give a high RCS response over a wide angle. In this paper, with a consideration of important practical parameters unappreciated in existing designs, we propose a wide-angle retro-directive frequency-coded lens by a curved one-dimensional Photonic Crystal (PhC) resonator. The proposed frequency-coded lens is made of two parts: a homogenous lens and a curved PhC resonator where the resonator is located along the lens focal line. A frequency coding is used, where the presence or absence of a notch frequency in a specified information channel encodes an information bit. A PhC resonator provides unique advantages over existing coding particles due to its continuity along the lens focal line which creates a stable ID appearance over wide-angle. In addition, the potential of coding in its volume, rather than on the surface, entitles to a high coding capacity. Two frequency-coded lenses with single and dual defect resonators are EM simulated, fabricated, and experimentally validated in the W-band (75 GHz-110 GHz). Simulated results show that a wide detection angle of 170 • can be achieved where the tag ID is maintained over all angles. A wide retro-directivity of 80 • and 60 • is experimentally demonstrated for frequency-coded lenses by a single defect (single notch) and a dual defect (double notch) PhC resonator, respectively.INDEX TERMS one-dimensional photonic crystal resonator, homogenous lens, Radar Cross Section (RCS), RFID, and coded reflectors.

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“…It was demonstrated that the hypothetical deformation could be embodied into a material within a physical space using the TO method. TO has been used to create various devices with unique functions, including beam expanders (Rahm et al, 2008;Emiroglu and Kwon, 2010), polarization splitters and transformers (Kwon and Werner, 2008;Mousavi et al, 2017;Eskandari et al, 2018), waveguide couplers (García-Meca et al, 2011;Markov et al, 2012;Eskandari et al, 2017bEskandari et al, ,a, 2019bEskandari and Tyc, 2019), and directivity enhancers (Eskandari et al, 2021a,b;Schmiele et al, 2010;Yao and Jiang, 2011;Gu et al, 2012;Aghanejad et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2013;Giddens and Hao, 2020;Eskandari, 2022;Kadera et al, 2022;Nazarzadeh and Heidari, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reflectionless compact elliptical half Maxwell fish-eye lens designed by transformation optics

Eskandari

2022

Front. Mater.

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A two-dimensional half Maxwell fish-eye lens is compressed using a linear transformation that maps a half circle to a half ellipse. The focusing property of the lens is preserved while making the device more compact. The boundary reflections, investigated for both TE and TM polarizations, were suppressed for beams directed toward the optical axis of the lens. A designed prototype provided a scanning range of ±20° with negligible reflections. The design’s functionality was verified using COMSOL multiphysics.

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Wide-Angle Ceramic Retroreflective Luneburg Lens Based on Quasi-Conformal Transformation Optics for Mm-Wave Indoor Localization

Cited by 38 publications

References 66 publications

Low Profile GRIN Lenses With Integrated Matching Using 3-D Printed Ceramic

Low Profile GRIN Lenses With Integrated Matching Using 3-D Printed Ceramic

Millimeter-Wave Retro-Directive Frequency Coded Lens by Curved One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Resonator

A reflectionless compact elliptical half Maxwell fish-eye lens designed by transformation optics

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