Wide-Dynamic-Range CMOS Image Sensors—Comparative Performance Analysis

Spivak, A.; Belenky, A.; Fish, Alexander; Yadid-Pecht, Orly

doi:10.1109/ted.2009.2030599

Cited by 113 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The accumulated photo voltage V ph is directly proportional to the photocurrent level, and can be expressed as The swing of V ph is limited by the pixel circuit: the largest value is equal to the Vreset which is smaller than Vdd by a threshold value of M1 to realize the hard-reset mode in case of the lag and nonlinearity [23]; the smallest value is not less than V od3 +V gs2 to ensure the source follower (SF) operate in the saturation region. So the range of V ph is 3 2 1 od gs ph th…”

Section: Principle Of Dynamic Range Expansionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many methods have been proposed to expand the dynamic range: (1) logarithmic or linear-logarithmic sensor [3][4][5][6], (2) well capacity adjusting [7][8][9][10][11], (3) multi-capture with different exposure time [12][13][14], (4) measurement of time to reach a threshold voltage by using a counter and a comparator placed in a pixel [12], [15], (5) self-resetting or charge subtraction to increase the effective well capacity [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Although the aforementioned CMOS image sensor designs provide a wide DR, these sensors have performance deficiencies such as the output limited by the finite well capacity, no CDS circuit to eliminate noise, low spatial resolution due to many frame memories and the adverse factors introduces by the comparator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Voltage-Integration CMOS Image Sensor with Circuit-Sharing

Gao¹,

Wang²,

Si³

2016

Proceedings of the 2016 4th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computing Technology

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Abstract. An improved voltage-integration CMOS image sensor is presented. Some circuits is shared between the voltage integration block and the analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) through an optimal operation timing, which makes use of the different input-signals selected by the switches. Dynamic range expansion is realized, whereas the power consuming and the circuit area in the improved structure do not significantly increase because there is only one integrator and one subtracter. The proposed image sensor structure, designed on 0.18um CMOS process under 3.3V supply, verifies the feasibility of the design approach.

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Section: Principle Of Dynamic Range Expansionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltage-Integration CMOS Image Sensor with Circuit-Sharing

Gao¹,

Wang²,

Si³

2016

Proceedings of the 2016 4th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computing Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…logarithmic approach 4 ) among many other possibilities. 5 These non-adaptive approaches usually lead, non-exclusively, to either high computational costs for the post-processing of the images (in the long bit-words case) or the loss of details and lack of contrast (e.g. logarithmic sensors) due to the fixed compression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 176×144 148dB adaptive tone-mapping imager

2012

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This paper presents a 176x144 (QCIF) HDR image sensor where visual information is simultaneously captured and adaptively compressed by means of an in-pixel tone mapping scheme.1 The tone mapping curve (TMC) is calculated from the histogram of a Time Stamp image captured in the previous frame, which serves as a probability indicator of the distribution of illuminations within the present frame. The chip produces 7-bit/pixel images that can map illuminations from 311μlux to 55.3 klux in a single frame in a way that each pixel decides when to stop observing photocurrent integration -with extreme values captured at 8s and 2.34μs respectively. Pixels size is 33x33μm 2 , which includes a 3x3μm 2 NwellPsubstrate photodiode and an autozeroing technique for establishing the reset voltage, which cancels most of the offset contributions created by the analog processing circuitry. Dark signal (10.8 The chip has been designed in the 0.35μm OPTO technology from Austriamicrosystems (AMS). Due to the focal plane operation, this architecture is especially well suited to be implemented in a 3D (vertical stacking) technology using per-pixel TSVs.

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“…High Dynamic Range (HDR) 1 vision is required in several applications like automotive -both for indoor and outdoor monitoring-, surveillance, scientific experiments, etc. CMOS technologies allow for including processing circuitry very close to the sensors, in the well-known focal-plane approach, giving us the possibility to process the raw information provided by photosensors through a myriad of dynamic range expansion algorithms 1 , 2 or even, to dynamically adapt the response of the sensors -i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CMOS technologies allow for including processing circuitry very close to the sensors, in the well-known focal-plane approach, giving us the possibility to process the raw information provided by photosensors through a myriad of dynamic range expansion algorithms 1 , 2 or even, to dynamically adapt the response of the sensors -i.e. the sensor's transduction function-according to the existing lighting conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-dynamic range tone-mapping algorithm for focal plane processors

et al. 2011

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This paper presents a Dynamic Range improvement technique which is specially well-suited to be implemented in Focal Plane Processors (FPP) due to its very limited computing requirements since only local memories, little digital control and a comparator are required at the pixel level. The presented algorithm employs measurements during exposure time to create a 4-bit non-linear image whose histogram determines the shape of the tone-mapping curve which is applied to create the final image. Simulations results over a highly bimodal 120dB image are presented showing that both the highly and poorly illuminated parts of the image keep a sufficient level of details.

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Wide-Dynamic-Range CMOS Image Sensors—Comparative Performance Analysis

Cited by 113 publications

References 46 publications

Voltage-Integration CMOS Image Sensor with Circuit-Sharing

Voltage-Integration CMOS Image Sensor with Circuit-Sharing

A 176×144 148dB adaptive tone-mapping imager

High-dynamic range tone-mapping algorithm for focal plane processors

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