Wide-Field Imaging of Nonexudative and Exudative Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis

Abstract

Exudation may be more common in congenital X-linked retinoschisis than previously recognized. The presence of exudates with concurrent angiographic leakage suggests that exudation may be due to chronic vascular permeability and not solely caused by intraschisis hemorrhage, which has been classically described.

Segmented swept source optical coherence tomography angiography assessment of the perifoveal vasculature in patients with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis: a serial case report

“…FAZ enlargement has also been recently described with FFA by Rao et al in seven out of 36 eyes of patients with XLRS. 17 However, we believe that the number of eyes with FAZ enlargement in the pDVP might have been higher, because FFA is a single-plane imaging modality and a clear visualization of the small retinal vessels beneath the superficial plexus is not always possible.…”

“… 16 Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) has shown FAZ enlargement and vascular leakage in patients with XLRS. 17 Nevertheless, FFA is an invasive technique, and dye injection can occasionally cause nausea or, more rarely, anaphylactic reactions. 18 General anesthesia may also be required for pediatric patients undergoing FFA, but there are insufficient data available to exclude the potentially negative influence of anesthesia on neurodevelopment in children.…”

Diurnal variations of foveoschisis by optical coherence tomography in patients with RS1 X-linked juvenile retinoschisis

“…In patients with XLRS, however, mechanisms based on vascular changes seem to be less likely. Although there is evidence of vascular abnormalities in XLRS, 28 macular leakage on fluorescein angiography is rare. 12 In addition, systemic vascular diseases are uncommon in children and so are variations in arterial blood pressure.…”

Comparison of 55° Wide-Field Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Conventional 30° Optical Coherence Tomography for the Assessment of Diabetic Macular Edema

“…Wide-field OCT is a new method and of great interest especially when both the periphery as well as the posterior pole need to be assessed in a single scan [11] . So far, widefield and ultra-wide-field OCT were used in order to describe the peripheral retinochoroid morphology and peripheral changes associated with retinitis pigmentosa, choroidal nevi, choroidal melanomas, acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy, macular holes, and congenital X-linked retinoschisis [6,8,10,11,19,20] . This is the first study to compare conventional 30° with 55° wide-field SD-OCT using a predefined scanning pattern and grading protocol in order to assess whether widefield SD-OCT may also offer potential benefit in diseases mainly confined to the macular area, and whether it may allow a more precise detection of morphological features outside conventional 30° OCT. We found a strong agreement between both image modalities for morphological features such as IRF, SRF, HE, CWS, and MA.…”