Wide-scope target and suspect screening of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge from Nigerian WWTPs by UPLC-qToF-MS

Nikolopoulou, Varvara; Ajibola, Akinranti S.; Aalizadeh, Reza; Τhomaidis, Νikolaos S.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159529

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…TP 330A may correspond to 8-hydroxyefavirenz as the fragments ( m / z 210.0, 230.0, 246.0, 258.0, 286.0) match with those reported in literature. , The MS2 spectrum for efavirenz-TP330B contained fragments where the molecular formulas fit the hydroxylated efavirenz structure ( m / z 196.0, 260.0, 264.0), but do not correspond to any reported fragments in the literature. Efavirenz has been monitored mainly in African countries where there is high HIV incidence with concentrations in sludge ranging from 17,700 to 43,600 ng/g dw in South Africa and 265–3328 ng/g dw in Nigeria. , In Europe, efavirenz was detected in wastewater effluent from Switzerland (3–8 ng/L), while 8-hydroxyefavirenz was detected previously at CL2 (but not quantified) in effluent from Sweden …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efavirenz has been monitored mainly in African countries where there is high HIV incidence 62 with concentrations in sludge ranging from 17,700 to 43,600 ng/g dw in South Africa and 265−3328 ng/g dw in Nigeria. 63,64 In Europe, efavirenz was detected in wastewater effluent from Switzerland (3−8 ng/L), 55 while 8-hydroxyefavirenz was detected previously at CL2 (but not quantified) in effluent from Sweden. 65 Other identified pharmaceuticals included celecoxib (CL1; pain killer), sitagliptin (CL1; antidiabetic medication), and flecainide (CL1; fast heart rate medication) at 18.8 ± 5.7, 8.7 ± 2.2, and 3.5 ± 0.5 ng/g dw, respectively.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmaceuticals Account for a Significant Proportion of the Extractable Organic Fluorine in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge

Spaan

Seilitz

Plassmann

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Fluorine mass balance studies have shown that monomeric per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with perfluoroalkyl chain lengths of ∼5–14 carbon atoms (i.e., “conventional” PFAS) account for a fraction (∼2%) of the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. The identity of the remaining EOF has thus far been unclear but may be partly attributable to fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals and pesticides used throughout society. To test this hypothesis, we applied high resolution mass spectrometry-based suspect screening to samples of municipal WWTP sludge which had been previously subjected to a fluorine mass balance. Sixteen pharmaceutical substances (including transformation products [TPs]), one pesticide, and thirteen conventional PFAS were confirmed at confidence levels 1–4 and (semi)quantified, revealing concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 155 ng/g dw. Notably, eight pharmaceutical substances did not meet the OECD definition of PFAS. When converted to fluorine equivalents, the newly detected organofluorine substances increased the percentage of known EOF from ∼2% to ∼27%, of which ∼22% was attributed to pharmaceutical and pesticide substances, with the greatest contributions from ticagrelor TP (4.0%), ezetimibe (3.9%), and bicalutamide (3.5%). These data highlight the importance of considering both unconventional and non-PFAS organofluorine substances in addition to conventional PFAS when closing the organofluorine mass balance in WWTP sludge.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceuticals Account for a Significant Proportion of the Extractable Organic Fluorine in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge

Spaan

Seilitz

Plassmann

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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show abstract

“…Efavirenz has been monitored mainly in African countries where there is high HIV incidence 62 with concentrations in sludge ranging from 17700-43600 ng/g dw in South Africa and 265-3328 ng/g dw in Nigeria. 63,64 In Europe, efavirenz was detected in wastewater effluent from Switzerland (3-8 ng/L) 55 while 8hydroxyefavirenz was detected previously at CL2 (but not quantified) in effluent from Sweden. 65 Other identified pharmaceuticals included celecoxib (CL1; pain killer), sitagliptin (CL1; anti-diabetic medication), and flecainide (CL1; fast heart rate medication) at 18.8±5.7, 8.7±2.2, and 3.5±0.5 ng/g dw, respectively.…”

Section: Fluoropharmaceuticals Their Transformation Products and A Fl...mentioning

confidence: 97%

Pharmaceuticals account for a significant proportion of the extractable organic fluorine in municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge

Spaan

Seilitz

Plassmann

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Fluorine mass balance studies have shown that monomeric per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with perfluoroalkyl chain lengths of ~5-14 carbon atoms (i.e., “conventional” PFAS) account for a fraction (~2%) of the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. The identity of the remaining EOF has thus far been unclear, but may be partly attributable to fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals and pesticides used throughout society. To test this hypothesis, we applied high resolution mass spectrometry-based suspect screening to samples of municipal WWTP sludge which had been previously subjected to a fluorine mass balance. Sixteen pharmaceutical substances (including transformation products [TPs]), one pesticide, and thirteen conventional PFAS were confirmed at confidence levels 1-4, with concentrations ranging from 0.07-155 ng/g dw. Notably, eight pharmaceutical substances did not meet the OECD definition of PFAS. When converted to fluorine equivalents, the newly detected organofluorine substances increased the percentage of known EOF from ~2% to ~27%, of which ~22% was attributed to pharmaceutical- and pesticide substances, with the greatest contributions from a ticagrelor TP (4.0%), ezetimibe (3.9%), and bicalutamide (3.5%). These data highlight the importance of considering both unconventional- and non-PFAS organofluorine substances in addition to conventional PFAS when closing the organofluorine mass balance in WWTP sludge.

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“…Consequently, these emerging pollutants require the implementation of innovative processes that have been intensively studied over the past decades. [3,4,8] Various processes have demonstrated their ability to effectively remove traces of recalcitrant compounds from water, such as reverse osmose, nanofiltration, granular activated carbon adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs are a relevant answer to tackle water crisis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since, conventional wastewater treatments are insufficient to achieve overall treated water quality, biorefractory organic traces are still detected in aquatic sources. Consequently, these emerging pollutants require the implementation of innovative processes that have been intensively studied over the past decades [3,4,8] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Modification of Titanium Dioxide‐Based Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment

Tanos,

Razzouk,

Lesage

et al. 2023

ChemSusChem

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It has become necessary to develop effective strategies to prevent and reduce water pollution as a result of the increase in dangerous pollutants in water reservoirs. Consequently, there is a need to design new catalyst materials to promote the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the field of wastewater treatment plant to ensure the mineralization of trace organic contaminants. A notable approach gaining attention involves the coupling of sulfate radicals‐based AOPs to photocatalysis or electrocatalysis processes, aiming to achieve the complete removal of refractory contaminants into water and carbon dioxide. Titanium dioxide as metal oxide has received great attention for its catalytic application in water purification. TiO2 catalysts offer a multitude of advantages in AOPs. They are characterized by their high photocatalytic activity under both ultraviolet and visible light, making them environmentally friendly due to the absence of toxic byproducts during oxidation. Their versatility is remarkable, finding utility in various AOPs, from photocatalysis to photo‐Fenton processes. TiO2′s durability ensures long‐lasting catalytic activity, which is crucial for continuous treatment processes, and their cost‐effectiveness is particularly advantageous. Furthermore, their chemical stability allows it to withstand varying pH conditions. However, the large band gap energy and low electrical conductivity hinder the catalytic reaction effectiveness. This review aims to examine various approaches to enhance the catalytic performance of titanium dioxide, with the objective of enabling more efficient water purification methods.

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Wide-scope target and suspect screening of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge from Nigerian WWTPs by UPLC-qToF-MS

Cited by 21 publications

References 47 publications

Pharmaceuticals Account for a Significant Proportion of the Extractable Organic Fluorine in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge

Pharmaceuticals Account for a Significant Proportion of the Extractable Organic Fluorine in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge

Pharmaceuticals account for a significant proportion of the extractable organic fluorine in municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge

A Comprehensive Review on Modification of Titanium Dioxide‐Based Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment

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