Wide variety of flower-color and -shape mutants regenerated from leaf cultures irradiated with ion beams

Okamura, Masachika; Yasuno, Nobuhiro; Ohtsuka, Masahiro; Tanaka, Atsushi; Shikazono, Naoya; Hase, Yoshihiro

doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(03)00835-8

Cited by 107 publications

(71 citation statements)

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“…Each anthocyanin is responsible for a speci c ower color (Figure 4) as described in another review described by Okamura et al (2012) in this issue. In our work, mutants containing a non-acylated anthocyanin corresponding to each of the carnation ower anthocyanins, pelargonidin 3-glucoside (Pg3G) (Figure 4E), cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy3G) (Figure 4F), pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside (Pg3,5dG) ( Figure 4G), and cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside (Cy3,5dG) ( Figure 4H), were obtained by loss of the acylation enzyme (Abe et al 2008) and glucosyltranferase (Matsuba et al 2010) activities by ion-beam irradiation (Okamura et al 2003). e owers of each mutant show a peculiar glittering coloration of purple ( Figure 4E), bronze red ( Figure 4F), blue-purple ( Figure 4G) and dark red ( Figure 4H), respectively.…”

Section: Peculiar Flower Color Change By Anthocyanin Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive analyses of anthocyanin and related compounds to understand flower color change in ion-beam mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Nakayama

Tanikawa

Morita

et al. 2012

Plant Biotechnology

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We analyzed flower color mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) obtained by ion-beam irradiation with an idea that a comprehensive analysis of anthocyanin and its biosynthetically related compounds, such as avonols and cinnamic acid derivatives, is necessary in order to understand ower color expression mechanism. In this review, we discuss mechanisms for ower color mutation and deduce the following ideas: anthocyanin and its biosynthetically related compounds are cooperatively and compensatively regulated; multiple factors are o en concerned in the expression of the same color phenotypes; and changes in chemical structure of a pigment induces new properties that generate novel phenotypes. Key words:Anthocyanins, carnation, co-pigments, cyclamen, ion beam.Although ion beam irradiation has been recognized as an e ective technique for plant mutation breeding, this technique tends to be thought of as 'not a scienti c' procedure that depends on contingencies (Tanaka (2012) in this issue). As Tanaka described in the preface of this issue, we are trying to enhance the theoretical aspects of ion beam mutation and show that this is a 'scienti c' and more e cient technique than what is imaged. e main focus of our research has targeted ower-color mutations in cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), whose major pigments are anthocyanins, expecting that the studies of flower color expression mechanism could lead to principle to 'theoretically' obtain mutants.Research of the chemical structure of individual ower pigments is insufficient approach for understanding the regulation of ower color. We now understand the necessity for comprehensive analysis of anthocyanins and biosynthetically related compounds, such as avonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. In this review, we discuss ower color expression mechanism in ion-beam mutants, presenting the results of our comprehensive analyses. It is noted that we here use a word ' avonoids' meaning flavones and flavonols that are so called 'colorless' avonoids excluding anthocyanins. Flower color is classi ed based on two factors: color depth and coloration. Color depth basically reflects pigment concentration. In a mutant altered in color depth, metabolic activity leading to the biosynthesis of the pigments could have been changed at any step in the pathway. Compounds partially sharing a common biosynthetic pathway with anthocyanins are avonoids such as avone and avonol, and cinnamic acid derivatives such as coumaric acid and ca eic acid (Figure 1). e composition of these compounds changes corresponding to the mutated step in the biosynthetic pathway, and therefore, we can putatively assign the mutation step based on the compositional change. e

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Section: Peculiar Flower Color Change By Anthocyanin Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive analyses of anthocyanin and related compounds to understand flower color change in ion-beam mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Nakayama

Tanikawa

Morita

et al. 2012

Plant Biotechnology

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“…Other procedures are the same as those described by Okamura et al (2003Okamura et al ( , 2006. Among 1,800 plants derived from 15-20 Gy irradiations of 320 MeV carbon ion beams, one plant was selected that had glittering reddish purple flowers and was named '07MGRP'.…”

Section: Efficient Genotype Selection Using Genomic Information and Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ion-beam breeding, a newly established breeding technique, has become an important tool for producing novel and unique mutants that cannot be obtained by conventional mutagenesis methods (Okamura et al 2003;Tanaka et al 2010). Flower color is an important characteristic in the floriculture industry, and novel colors create a positive economic impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding glittering carnations by an efficient mutagenesis syst

Okamura

Umemoto

Onishi

2012

Plant Biotechnology

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We have developed a systematic and directed method to create novel glittering mutants in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) by combining the advantages of ion-beam breeding and genomic information. e method is a series of steps that include: (i) establishing a basic strategy to select appropriate genotypes for speci c breeding aims using genomic information, (ii) identifying factors that induce anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs), (iii) using ion-beam irradiation consecutively to modify pigment glycosylation and/or acylation, (iv) tuning shading of color, and (v) selecting stable mutants with markers. During the course of this work, we identi ed a factor that causes AVIs and analyzed the content of anthocyanins and related compounds in the owers of these mutants. Applying the method, we have created two highly novel carnations with the most glittering color ever reported. Key words:Anthocyanin, carnation, ion-beam irradiaton, mutation breeding, glittering.Ion-beam breeding, a newly established breeding technique, has become an important tool for producing novel and unique mutants that cannot be obtained by conventional mutagenesis methods (Okamura et al. 2003;Tanaka et al. 2010). Flower color is an important characteristic in the floriculture industry, and novel colors create a positive economic impact. A wide variety of ower colors can be derived from only six types of anthocyanin aglycones that change color a er modi cation with glycosyl and/or acyl moieties. For breeding colors in otherwise superior cultivars, mutation breeding especially with ion beams is among the best choices because it alters only a few traits and retains other characteristics of the original cultivars. In this review, we describe measures to select appropriate materials to make desired mutants using genomic information, improved procedures of ion-beam irradiation, and their application to carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), one of the world's most important oricultural crops. We also report our success in creating highly novel oricultural varieties; that is, carnations with glittering colors in the true sense of the word. In addition, several factors relevant to the novel phenotypes have been discovered such as pigment constituents, genes and morphological characteristics of petal cells. Basis for breeding glittering carnations using genomic information and mutagenesisCarnation varieties have been created mainly by cross-breeding, partially combined with spontaneous mutation. However, due to its heterozygous genetic background, being heterozygous at many di erent loci throughout the genome, conventional cross breeding o en produces a huge number of undesired individuals in segregating population. erefore, it is quite laborious to obtain a desired individual that combines the good characteristics of the parents used in the cross. Moreover, it is quite rare to improve only a few traits in otherwise superior varieties. Now, genetic manipulations have been successfully applied to develop a blue carnation containing delphinidin, a pi...

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“…Low-energy ion beams interrupt intracellular contents through cell wall or cell membrane modifications and cause a series of internal or external reactions. Various studies have implemented ion implantation and bombardment, and this technique is typically applied in breeding studies, including rice, wheat, flowers, and microbes (Wu et al, 1990;Morishita et al, 2003;Okamura et al, 2003;Yamaguchi et al, 2003;Gu et al, 2006;Liang et al, 2008). Most of these previous studies only observed variations in the external shape of organisms for improving biomass yield.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of ROP signaling in the leaf epidermis of mutant tomato with low-energy ion beam

et al. 2015

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ABSTRACT. The importance of the ROP small GTPase signaling pathway in the regulation of cellular polarity growth in eukaryotes has been thoroughly studied. In this study, we examined the LeROP small GTPase (related to Arabidopsis thaliana genome LeROP GTPase in tomato) signaling of cell polarity growth in the mutant (M-1) tomato. Interestingly, we detected expansive growth of epidermis cells in M-1, in which the leaves appeared slightly lobed shaped. However, we observed jigsaw puzzle shaped and deeply lobed shaped leaves in wildtype leaf epidermis cells. The t-test showed significant difference (P < 0.05). Based on previous studies of the AtROP gene in Arabidopsis leaf epidermis cells, we hypothesized that the growth of mutant M-1 tomato leaf epidermis cell is related to AtROP gene signal transmission. The results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed the expression of LeROP2, LeROP4, and LeROP7 in M-1 mutants 3808 Q.X. Liang et al.©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 14 (2): 3807-3816 (2015) were stronger than in wild-type cells. At the flowering stage, LeROP2 GTPase showed no expression in wild-type cells, but was expressed in mutant cells. This study revealed a link between the low-energy ion beam and the ROP GTPase signaling pathway in tomato. In addition, the ROP gene changes analyzed suggest a new mechanism for mutations following low-energy ion beam implantation.

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Wide variety of flower-color and -shape mutants regenerated from leaf cultures irradiated with ion beams

Cited by 107 publications

References 4 publications

Comprehensive analyses of anthocyanin and related compounds to understand flower color change in ion-beam mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Comprehensive analyses of anthocyanin and related compounds to understand flower color change in ion-beam mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Breeding glittering carnations by an efficient mutagenesis syst

Analysis of ROP signaling in the leaf epidermis of mutant tomato with low-energy ion beam

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