Wideband Vertically Polarized Antenna With Endfire Radiation for 5G Mobile Phone Applications

The fast development of the 5 th generation (5G) mobile networks and human-centered communications is leading to the increasing proliferation of wireless devices resulting in ubiquitous exposure of people of all ages. This study investigates the effect of ageing on the power deposition at 26 GHz and 60 GHz, frequencies upcoming for 5/6G. The exposure under near-field conditions induced by multibeam radiating structures is compared to the one induced by a plane wave. The highest variation of the averaged absorbed power density with respect to the typical value for adults is observed at 70 years and corresponds to 8.8% at 26 GHz and 6.9% at 60 GHz. The maximum decrease is obtained for children at 5 years and is of −4.5% at 26 GHz and −3.7% at 60 GHz. At 26 GHz, the plane-wave model results in an underestimation of the averaged power density variations obtained with a multi-beam antenna, while at 60 GHz the variations with the two sources of exposures are almost identical.

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“…Equivalent Source Skin edge antennas than broadside ones, due to the lower shadowing effect of the user [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Scanning Beammentioning

confidence: 99%

Age Dependence of Human Exposure in Emerging 5G Bands: Comparison between Plane-Wave Exposure and Multi-Beam Antennas

Sacco¹,

Nikolavev²,

Sauleau³

2021

2021 XXXIVth General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS)

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“…The other ports have isolations better than 20 dB for the whole targeted frequency band. The 2 × 2 antenna array design can reach 360 MHz 10 dB impedance bandwidth and 650 MHz 6 dB impedance bandwidth, which can be used for mobile phone applications [28]. Such dual-polarized 2 × 2 series fed patch antenna array with high interport isolations provides 2D symmetric beam-scanning and steering capabilities with Low SLL [4].…”

Section: Working Principle Of the Proposed Antenna Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 28 GHz 2 × 2 Antenna Array with 10 Beams Using Passive SPDT Switch Beamforming Network

Ghani

Najafabadi

Saleh

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this paper, a dual-polarized four-port 2 × 2 series fed antenna array operating at 28 GHz with beam-switching capability is proposed. The antenna array uses a simple passive beamforming network to switch the main beam. The presented antenna design is suitable for 5G user equipment and high data rates applications by which it has a compact size with low cost and complexity. The size of the antenna is 37.2 × 37.2 mm2 including the ground plane, and it produces 10 different switched beams by using only two simple 3 dB/90∘ couplers which create the required amplitudes and phase excitations for the antenna elements. A one-port simple feeding mechanism including Peregrine PE42525 SPDT switch modules and a power divider is used to generate and measure the 10 switched beams. The antenna design is implemented on a two-layer 0.203 mm thick low-loss (tanδ = 0.0027) Rogers 4003C substrate, and it has a measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 4 GHz (14.3%, from 26 GHz to 30 GHz) for all ports. Measured peak isolation between any dual-polarized ports of the antenna is better than 30 dB. The antenna has an average measured realized gain of 8.9 dBi and around 10 dB side lobe level (SLL) for all beams. The antenna has 3-dB coverage of 80∘ to 90∘ in 2D space and it has a maximum of ±26∘ beam-steering angle. The antenna is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS and fabricated using regular PCB processing.

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“…For this reason, directive multibeam phased arrays are increasingly used [19]- [30]. At these frequencies, end-fire antennas are usually preferred to broadside ones for user terminals [21], [27], [31], [32]. Indeed, if the antenna is positioned at the edge of a wireless device, the user shadowing affects less the antenna performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antenna/Human Body Coupling in 5G Millimeter-Wave Bands: Do Age and Clothing Matter?

Sacco¹,

Nikolayev²,

Sauleau³

2021

IEEE J. Microw.

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With the fast development of 5th generation (5G) mobile networks and prominence of the personal area networks and human-centered communications, people of all ages are increasingly exposed in the upper part of the microwave spectrum. In some exposure scenarios, presence of a textile between the radiating source and skin can affect the power absorption. This study investigates, for the first time, the effect of ageing and impact of textile on the power deposition in a skin-equivalent model under near-field exposure induced by multi-beam radiating structures at 26 GHz and 60 GHz. An array of four Yagi antennas has been used as a representative example of 5G reconfigurable antennas. The maximum increase of the averaged absorbed power density with respect to the averaged value for adults is observed at 70 year (8.8% at 26 GHz and 6.9% at 60 GHz). The strongest decrease is for 5-years-old children (−4.5% at 26 GHz and -3.7% at 60 GHz). In presence of a textile, the absorbed power density can increase or decrease depending on the textile properties (thickness and permittivity) and on the thickness of the air gap between textile and skin. With cotton and wool (considered as representative textile materials) the maximum increase of the averaged absorbed power density is about 40% compared to the bare skin.INDEX TERMS 5G, ageing, electromagnetic dosimetry, millimeter waves (MMW), textile.This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.

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Wideband Vertically Polarized Antenna With Endfire Radiation for 5G Mobile Phone Applications

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

Age Dependence of Human Exposure in Emerging 5G Bands: Comparison between Plane-Wave Exposure and Multi-Beam Antennas

Age Dependence of Human Exposure in Emerging 5G Bands: Comparison between Plane-Wave Exposure and Multi-Beam Antennas

A 28 GHz 2 × 2 Antenna Array with 10 Beams Using Passive SPDT Switch Beamforming Network

Antenna/Human Body Coupling in 5G Millimeter-Wave Bands: Do Age and Clothing Matter?

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