“…However, these electronic devices rely on battery power which largely limits the rapid development of them (Zhang et al, 2021a). Therefore, finding a new source of energy to power wearable electronic devices and reduce their dependence on batteries is an urgent problem to be solved (Fang et al, 2023a; Van et al, 2021). To solve the problem of continuous power supply, scholars have studied various methods of energy harvesting, such as vibration energy in the environment (Ma and Zhou, 2022; Shan et al, 2019b; Zhou et al, 2022), wind energy (Kumar Rasappan et al, 2022; Lai et al, 2023; Li et al, 2022), solar energy (Tong et al, 2022; Yang et al, 2022; Zhang et al, 2022c), etc.…”