Widely Targeted Metabolomics Provides New Insights into the Flavonoid Metabolism in ‘Kyoho’ Grapes under a Two-Crop-a-Year Cultivation System

Abstract

The establishment and application of a two-crop-a-year cultivation system depends on the particularity of climatic conditions in subtropical regions. The different temperature, light, and water conditions throughout the growing season of summer and winter grapes are the fundamental reasons for differences in primary and secondary metabolites. We performed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS)-based metabolomics on ‘Kyoho’ grapes under a two-crop-a-year cultivation system. In total, 1062 metabolites were identified and classified into 10 different categories, while flavonoids were the largest group, with 285 metabolites. Moreover, 876 metabolites were different among the four developmental stages, and 551 were different between the summer and winter grapes during the same growth period. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) clearly distinguished developmental and growth-season differences based on the detected metabolites. Of note, flavonoids were the most important compounds responsible for the differences in berry composition during the growth and developmental seasons. The content of most flavonoids was higher in the winter grapes, but some were also found at higher levels in summer grapes, such as kaempferol-4′-O-glucoside, leucocyanidin, and cyanidin-3-O-glucosylglucoside. Additionally, myricetin-3-O-arabinoside was consistently higher in winter grapes than in summer grapes during all four developmental stages. The extreme high temperature and higher relative humidity were important reasons for the lower flavonoid content in the summer grapes than in the winter grapes. Moreover, the stronger light intensity in the early development of the winter grapes had a positive effect on the accumulation of flavonoids, especially flavonols and flavan-3-ols. This study provides new insights into the metabolism of flavonoids in grapes under a two-crop-a-year cultivation system and explores the climatic causes of the differences in the metabolites in the two crops of grapes.

Effect of Elicitor Treatments on Quality Attributes in Blueberry: Implications of Cultivar and Environmental Conditions

“…Poppins', the changes across years in Mv and Dp reflected those shown in relative terms and are in line with that published by Venios et al [64]. Moreover, in all the fruits of the two cvs., the accumulation of Cy was higher under conditions of greater thermal stress, i.e., in 2022, as reported in Kyoho grape by Cheng et al [71].…”

Secondary Metabolites and Their Antioxidant Activity Enhance the Tolerance to Water Deficit on Clover Lotus corniculatus L. through Different Seasonal Times

“…The decrease in TFC in summer, autumn, and spring could be due to the natural tolerance of most plant genetic resources evaluated in this study to the extreme temperatures in these seasons, as they do not require the antioxidant activity that promotes flavonoids. Cheng et al [32] reported that only low temperatures, and not high temperatures, encourage the expression of genes fitted to produce flavonoids and, therefore, their accumulation.…”

Aroma metabolism differences in Shine Muscat Grapes under summer and winter growth in Guangxi, China

“…This study was conducted from March 2018 to January 2019 at the Guangxi Zhencheng Agriculture Co., Ltd vineyard in Nanning (23°11'48"N, 108°8'33"E). Three-year-old Shine Muscat grapevines grafted on 5BB served as experimental materials, managed under Two-Crop-A-Year (TCAY) cultivation by [31], with adjustments made for variety differences. Speci cally, short cane pruning (1-2 buds) occurred in January, with arti cial dormancy break using 50% hydrogen cyanamide (diluted 15-20 times) in January-February.…”

“…. Since the promotion and application of two-crop-a-year cultivation in Guangxi, the grape planting area has increased threefold, and the total value has risen from 260 million yuan to 2.6 billion yuan annually [31]. Two-crop-a-year cultivation effectively mitigates the impact of strong summer rainfall and heat waves, reduces losses caused by natural disasters, and allows for production cycle adjustments [30].…”