Widespread Detection of Antibodies to Eastern Equine Encephalitis, West Nile, St. Louis Encephalitis, and Turlock Viruses in Various Species of Wild Birds from Across the United States

Pedersen, Kerri; Marks, David R.; Wang, Eryu; Eastwood, Gillian; Weaver, Scott C.; Goldstein, Samuel M.; Sinnett, David R.; DeLiberto, Thomas J.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0840

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…However, a more complete sampling of potential avian hosts is necessary to determine which species are participating in short-distance migration events responsible for SLEV genotype III movement between sites in this region. We suggest focusing efforts on species that were previously identified as seropositive ( Reisen and Wheeler, 2016 ), or those that have been identified through bloodmeal analyses, as previous studies have had relatively limited sample sizes for many species despite many decades of sampling for viral encephalitides ( Lord et al, 1974 ; Reisen et al, 2003 , 2005 ; Diaz et al, 2016 ; Pedersen et al, 2016 ; Díaz et al, 2018 ). Furthermore, the formation of monophyletic clades for 2017 and 2018 within Clade 2A, leads us to tentatively conclude that transient variants of SLEV are responsible for the seasonal circulation within Coachella Valley ( Reisen et al, 2002 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event

et al. 2021

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Since the reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) Virus (SLEV) in the Southwest United States, identified during the 2015 outbreak in Arizona, SLEV has been seasonally detected within Culex spp. populations throughout the Southwest United States. Previous work revealed the 2015 outbreak was caused by an importation of SLEV genotype III, which had only been detected previously in Argentina. However, little is known about when the importation occurred or the transmission and genetic dynamics since its arrival into the Southwest. In this study, we sought to determine whether the annual detection of SLEV in the Southwest is due to enzootic cycling or new importations. To address this question, we analyzed 174 SLEV genomes (142 sequenced as part of this study) using Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to estimate the date of arrival into the American Southwest and characterize the underlying population structure of SLEV. Phylogenetic clustering showed that SLEV variants circulating in Maricopa and Riverside counties form two distinct populations with little evidence of inter-county transmission since the onset of the outbreak. Alternatively, it appears that in 2019, Yuma and Clark counties experienced annual importations of SLEV that originated in Riverside and Maricopa counties. Finally, the earliest representatives of SLEV genotype III in the Southwest form a polytomy that includes both California and Arizona samples. We propose that the initial outbreak most likely resulted from the importation of a population of SLEV genotype III variants, perhaps in multiple birds, possibly multiple species, migrating north in 2013, rather than a single variant introduced by one bird.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event

et al. 2021

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“…Note that access in this study was defined as having slept under a net, or if not, having indicated that a space under a net was available, whereas in the reanalysis of the DHS data, access was defined as having slept under a net, or if not, if a space under a net was available, assuming two free spaces for an unused net and one space for a net that was already occupied by another person [10]. Intense study contact, in the form of fortnightly visits made by study personnel to participating intervention households, positively influenced net use: members of Group 3 (those not receiving either intervention or fortnightly visits) had lower net use than Groups 1 and 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The trial was conducted in rural Greater Accra, an area with low (23.2%) net use despite 71% having access [10–12]. Of African countries surveyed with a demographic and health survey (DHS) in the 2012–2015 period, Ghana ranks near the bottom in net use, even among those reporting to have a net (57.5% use).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of small solar powered ‘Bͻkͻͻ’ net fans on mosquito net use: results from a randomized controlled cross-over trial in southern Ghana

Briët

Yukich

Pfeiffer

et al. 2017

Malar J

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BackgroundLong-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are ineffective malaria transmission prevention tools if they are unused. Discomfort due to heat is the most commonly reported reason for not using nets, but this problem is largely unaddressed. With increasing rural electrification and the dropping price of solar power, fans could improve comfort inside nets and be affordable to populations in malaria endemic areas. Here, results are presented from a pilot randomized controlled cross-over study testing the effect of fans on LLIN use.MethodsEighty-three households from two rural communities in Greater Accra, Ghana, randomized into three groups, participated in a 10-month cross-over trial. After a screening survey to identify eligible households, all households received new LLINs. Bͻkͻͻ net fan systems (one fan per member) were given to households in Group 1 and water filters were given to households in Group 2. At mid-point, Group 1 and 2 crossed over interventions. Households in Group 1 and 2 participated in fortnightly surveys on households’ practices related to nets, fans and water filters, while households in Group 3 were surveyed only at screening, mid-point and study end. Entomological and weather data were collected throughout the study. Analysis took both ‘per protocol’ (PP) and ‘intention to treat’ (ITT) approaches. The mid- and end-point survey data from Group 1 and 2 were analysed using Firth logistic regressions. Fortnightly survey data from all groups were analysed using logistic regressions with random effects.ResultsProvision of fans to households appeared to increase net use in this study. Although the increase in net use explained by fans was not significant in the primary analyses (ITT odds ratio 3.24, p > 0.01; PP odds ratio = 1.17, p > 0.01), it was significant in secondary PP analysis (odds ratio = 1.95, p < 0.01). Net use was high at screening and even higher after provision of new LLINs and with follow up. Fan use was 90–100% depending on the fortnightly visit.ConclusionsThis pilot study could not provide definitive evidence that fans increase net use. A larger study with additional statistical power is needed to assess this association across communities with diverse environmental and socio-demographic characteristics.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1654-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“… b Additional broader studies that encompassed data on select species of Galliformes include: Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ; Komar et al 2003), guinea fowl ( Numida meleagris ; Blackmore et al 2003, Gibbs et al 2006), rock partridge ( Alectoris graeca ; Petrović et al 2013), common quail ( Coturnix coturnix ; Lan et al 2013), gray partridge ( Perdix perdix ; Pedersen et al 2016), common peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ; Komar et al 2001), pheasant (species not identified; Blackmore et al 2003, Brugman et al 2013), grouse (species not identified; Blackmore et al 2003), and partridge (species not identified; Brugman et al 2013). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Our current understanding of West Nile virus in upland game birds

Kunkel

Mead

Ruder

et al. 2022

Wildlife Society Bulletin

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Since its introduction to the United States in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) rapidly spread and is now endemic throughout much of North America. West Nile virus has impacted many North American birds, including suspected population-level declines. However, the potential effects of WNV on upland game bird species remain largely unknown. We reviewed the published literature on WNV infection in upland game birds, with the majority comprised of experimental infection trials, serologic surveys, and natural infection reports. Early WNV research indicated that some species within Galliformes are not susceptible to WNV-associated disease, but reports were primarily based on studies in domestic fowl with small sample sizes. Research on greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) confirmed both species are highly susceptible to WNV-associated morbidity and mortality, which highlights the need to better understand the potential effects of WNV on other upland game bird species. Serological data using primarily hunter-harvested, greater sage-grouse samples revealed low seroprevalence among several populations, indicating WNV may pose a risk to greater sage-grouse populations. Currently, data are lacking on the effects of WNV in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), for which low recruitment rates and depressed population numbers have been documented across parts of the eastern United States. Despite low virulence of WNV in experimentally-infected domestic turkeys, sporadic cases of WNV-associated morbidity are reported in wild turkeys.

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Widespread Detection of Antibodies to Eastern Equine Encephalitis, West Nile, St. Louis Encephalitis, and Turlock Viruses in Various Species of Wild Birds from Across the United States

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event

The effect of small solar powered ‘Bͻkͻͻ’ net fans on mosquito net use: results from a randomized controlled cross-over trial in southern Ghana

Our current understanding of West Nile virus in upland game birds

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