Widespread West Nile Virus Activity, Eastern United States, 2000

Marfin, Anthony A.; Petersen, Lyle R.; Eidson, Millicent; Miller, James R.; Hadler, James L.; Farello, Cheryl; Werner, Barbara G.; Campbell, Grant L.; Layton, Marcelle; Smith, Perry F.; Bresnitz, Edward; Cartter, Matthew L.; Scaletta, Joseph; Obiri, Godwin; Bunning, Michel L.; Craven, Robert C.; Roehrig, John T.; Julian, Kathleen G.; Hinten, Steven R.; Gubler, Duane J.

doi:10.3201/eid0704.017423

Cited by 96 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Since the arrival of WNV in North America, many studies have been conducted to validate early American Crow mortality as an indicator of virus circulation (Eidson et al, 2001;Julian et al, 2002;Theophilides et al, 2003;Watson et al, 2004;Johnson et al, 2006). Several of these studies have concluded that nonspecific American Crow mortality at the beginning of or throughout the surveillance season is associated with an increased risk of WNV circulation among American Crows and humans living in the same region.…”

Section: The Effects Of Bci and Gender According To Age Class And Wnvmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factors Associated With West Nile Virus Mortality in American Crow Populations in Southern Quebec

Ludwig

Bigras-Poulin

Michel

et al. 2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Soon after the appearance of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, a number of public health authorities designated the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) a sentinel for WNV detection. Although preliminary studies have suggested a positive association between American Crow mortality and increased risk of WNV infection in humans, we still know little about dynamic variation in American Crow mortality, both baseline levels and mortality associated with WNV. We hypothesized that the complex social behavior of American Crows, which is shaped by age and seasonal factors, influences both baseline mortality and WNV mortality in American Crow populations. We examined American Crow mortality data from Quebec for the 2005 WNV surveillance year, which lasted from 5 June to 17 September 2005. The variables of interest were age, gender, body condition index, time of year, and land cover. We used a log-linear model to examine baseline mortality. Logistic regression and general linear regression models were constructed to examine variables associated with mortality due to WNV. We found that both age and time of year were key variables in explaining baseline mortality. These two variables were also risk factors for WNV mortality. The probability that a carcass tested positive for WNV increased with the age of the dead bird and as summer progressed. WNV-positive carcasses also had a lower body condition index than WNV-negative carcasses. We believe that the first major wave of American Crow mortality observed in the early summer of 2005 was the result of natural mortality among young American Crows. Because this mortality was not linked to WNV, it appears that American Crow may not be a good species for early detection of WNV activity. Our data also suggest that second-year American Crows play a major role in propagating WNV during their movements to urban land covers during midsummer.

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Section: The Effects Of Bci and Gender According To Age Class And Wnvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) made its first appearance in North America in New York State (Marfin et al, 2001;Ludwig et al, 2002;McLean et al, 2002). It struck immunologically naïve populations, resulting in widespread mortality in birds and mammals (Kulasekera et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated With West Nile Virus Mortality in American Crow Populations in Southern Quebec

Ludwig

Bigras-Poulin

Michel

et al. 2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…[1][2][3][4][17][18][19] During the last 3 years, WN virus extended its range in North America throughout much of the eastern parts of the USA and from the Atlantic coast to eastern North Dakota. 2,3,5,[20][21][22] The virus has also been detected in south-central Canada. 2,3 WN virus is a single-stranded RNA arbovirus that is maintained in nature in a mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission cycle primarily involving Culex sp mosquitoes, but can also be transmitted via blood products.…”

Section: West Nile Virus Encephalitis In Bmt P Reddy Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile virus encephalitis causing fatal CNS toxicity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Reddy¹,

Davenport

Ratanatharathorn³

et al. 2003

Bone Marrow Transplant

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Summary:We describe here a patient who died of progressive CNS deterioration following allogeneic stem cell transplant with West Nile virus as the sole pathogen on the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue analysis. A 50-yearold male with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) underwent allogeneic PBSCT from his HLA identical sister. After engraftment, the patient developed fever with progressive and ultimately fatal neurological deterioration. Imaging studies of the brain including CT and MRI scans were remarkable for mild low attenuation lesions of the white matter. CSF analysis was negative for neoplastic cells, bacteria, AFB, CMV, HSV, fungal infections and leukemic relapse. However, serological analysis of both the serum and CSF was positive for West Nile virus-specific IgM antibodies. At autopsy, West Nile virus PCR and cultures were positive in the mid-brain tissue. Electron micrographs showed evidence of viral particles. Given the recent increase in the spread of West Nile virus infections and the increased susceptibility of BMT patients to infectious complications, West Nile virus encephalitis should be considered in patients undergoing transplantation.

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“…The natural cycle primarily involves the Culex species of mosquitoes in particular Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex restuans which are the most important West Nile virus vectors. A broad range of mammalian species are found to be susceptible to natural infection with West Nile virus following infectious mosquito bite(s) and includes humans, horses, cats, rabbits, skunks, squirrels, chipmunks, and two species of bats (Marfin et al, 2001). Although initially West Nile virus was considered to have a minor human health impact, West Nile virus epidemics have become widely distributed causing several hundreds of reported cases in Romania in 1996 , Russia in 1999 (Platonov et al, 2001), and Israel in 2000 (Chowers et al, 2001 (Berthet et al, 1997;Lanciotti et al, 1999;Savage et al, 1999).…”

Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encephalitic Flaviviruses

Duncan¹

2011

Flavivirus Encephalitis

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Widespread West Nile Virus Activity, Eastern United States, 2000

Cited by 96 publications

References 1 publication

Risk Factors Associated With West Nile Virus Mortality in American Crow Populations in Southern Quebec

Risk Factors Associated With West Nile Virus Mortality in American Crow Populations in Southern Quebec

West Nile virus encephalitis causing fatal CNS toxicity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Encephalitic Flaviviruses

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