“…Motivation and volition are connected, but they are conceptually different (see Elbe & Sieber, 2020;Filsecker & Kerres, 2014). 5 Although learning processes are heterogeneous (Vieluf, 2022), it is generally agreed that learning processes are those personal student processes that contribute to an individual's learning in the classroom. These processes include self-directed changes in cognitive structures, knowledge networks, and understanding of the world, as well as in motivation, emotions, attitudes, and beliefs (Seidel, 2014).…”