Wild Ginseng Grows in Myanmar

Tran, Quan Hung; Than, Myint Myint; Tezuka, Yasuhiro; Banskota, Arjun H.; Kouda, Kyoji; Watanabe, Hiroshi; Zhu, Shu; Komatsu, Kenshi; Thet, Maung Maung; Swe, Thein; Maruyama, Yasuhiro; Kadota, Shigetoshi

doi:10.1248/cpb.51.679

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…PM, which is thought to be a variety of PJ, has also been recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia [ 18 ]. PZ is widely used for strengthening the immune response and providing cardiovascular protection in folk medicines of China and Myanmar [ 21 ]. At present, these three ginseng herbs are widely incorporated into health products and dietary supplements for their related and similar pharmacological functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrated LC-MS-Based Strategy for the Quality Assessment and Discrimination of Three Panax Species

Zhang

et al. 2018

Molecules

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The quality assessment and discrimination of Panax herbs are very challenging to perform due to the complexity and variability of their chemical compositions. An integrated strategy was established using UHPLC-Q-Exactive/HRMS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS to achieve an accurate, rapid, and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of Panax japonicas (PJ), Panax japonicus var. major (PM), and Panax zingiberensis (PZ). Additionally, discrimination among the three species was explored with partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares–discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plots. A total of 101 compounds were plausibly or unambiguously identified, including 82 from PJ, 78 from PM, and 67 from PZ. Among them, 16 representative ginsenosides were further quantified in three herbs. A clear discrimination between the three species was observed through a multivariate statistical analysis on the quantitative data. Nine compounds that allowed for discrimination between PJ, PM, and PZ were discovered. Notably, ginsenoside Rf (G-Rf), ginsenoside F3 (G-F3), and chikusetsu saponin IV (CS-IV) were the three most important differential compounds. The research indicated that the integrated LC-MS-based strategy can be applied for the quality assessment and discrimination of the three Panax herbs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrated LC-MS-Based Strategy for the Quality Assessment and Discrimination of Three Panax Species

Zhang

et al. 2018

Molecules

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“…Because of the high medicinal values of Panax species, there has been continuous harvest of these plants over thousands of years and the natural sources of these species have become almost extinct and are under threatened or endangered status (Tran et al 2003;Stokstad 2005). In addition, ginseng plants do not set seeds until after about 4 years and the number of seeds is very small.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis in Panax japonicus

You

Han

Choi

2007

Plant Biotechnol Rep

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Panax japonicus is one of the important medicinal plants. Here, we established the protocol for plant regeneration of P. japonicus via direct somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryos were directly obtained from the segments of zygotic embryos on MS medium with 4.4 lM 2,4-D. Thereafter, somatic embryos were produced by repetitive secondary somatic embryogenesis. The secondary somatic embryo formation was enhanced by plasmolyzing pretreatment (1.0 M mannitol for 10 h). Frequency of secondary somatic embryo formation from cotyledon segments was lowered by plasmolyzing pretreatment, but the number of somatic embryos per explants was greatly increased. Plasmolyzing pretreatment resulted in retardation of embryo growth and required subculture to fresh medium for further growth of embryos into cotyledonary stage. Without plasmolyzing pretreatment, cotyledonary embryos were obtained after 8 weeks of culture. All the cotyledonary somatic embryos germinated by 5 lM GA 3 treatment, but only 15.3% were germinated on hormone-free medium. After 2 months of culture on 1/2 strength WPM medium, plantlets produced flowers spontaneously. In the anthers of in vitro flowers, microsporogenesis occurred normally with low number of pollen grains.

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“…In addition, majonoside R2 is present at high concentrations in P. vietnamensis and appears to be responsible for its remarkable pharmacological effects, and is used to distinguish P. vietnamensis from other species [ 36 , 37 ]. P. zingiberensis is widely used in folk medicines in China and Myanmar to strengthen the immune response and provide cardiovascular protection [ 41 ]. It exhibits anticancer activity and prevents platelet aggregation because of the presence of a large number of OA-type ginsenosides, such as ginsenoside Ro, chikusetsu saponin-IV (CS-IV) and CS-Iva; PPT-type ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, and F3) are also present in P. zingiberensis at higher concentrations than the PPD-type ginsenosides [ 39 , 42 ].…”

Section: Comparison Of the Major Ginsenosides In Various mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies

et al. 2020

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Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual’s gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properties. This review is intended to summarize the properties of the ginsenosides found in different Panax species as well as the different processing methods. The sugar moiety attached to the C–3, C–6, or C–20 deglycosylated to produce minor ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd→Rg3, F2, Rh2; Re, Rf→Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1. The malonyl-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were demalonylated into ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd by dehydration. Dehydration also produces minor ginsenosides such as Rg3→Rk1, Rg5, Rz1; Rh2→Rk2, Rh3; Rh1→Rh4, Rk3; Rg2→Rg6, F4; Rs3→Rs4, Rs5; Rf→Rg9, Rg10. Acetylation of several ginsenosides may generate acetylated ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1, Rh4, Rk3, Rs4, Rs5, Rs6, and Rs7. Acid processing methods produces Rh1→Rk3, Rh4; Rh2→Rk1, Rg5; Rg3→Rk2, Rh3; Re, Rf, Rg2→F1, Rh1, Rf2, Rf3, Rg6, F4, Rg9. Alkaline produces Rh16, Rh3, Rh1, F4, Rk1, ginsenoslaloside-I, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1-60-acetate, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19, zingibroside-R1 through hydrolysis, hydration addition reactions, and dehydration. Moreover, biological processing of ginseng generates the minor ginsenosides of Rg3, F2, Rh2, CK, Rh1, Mc, compound O, compound Y through hydrolysis reactions, and synthetic ginsenosides Rd12 and Ia are produced through glycosylation. This review with respect to the properties of particular ginsenosides could serve to increase the utilization of ginseng in agricultural products, food, dietary supplements, health supplements, and medicines, and may also spur future development of novel highly functional ginseng products through a combination of various processing methods.

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Wild Ginseng Grows in Myanmar

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

An Integrated LC-MS-Based Strategy for the Quality Assessment and Discrimination of Three Panax Species

An Integrated LC-MS-Based Strategy for the Quality Assessment and Discrimination of Three Panax Species

Plant regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis in Panax japonicus

Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies

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