Wild Ungulates as <i>Babesia</i> Hosts in Northern and Central Italy

Tampieri, Maria Paola; Galuppi, Roberta; Bonoli, Cristina; Cancrini, Gabriella; Moretti, Annabella; Pietrobelli, Mario

doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0001

Cited by 54 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…If direct molecular detection is to be used in healthy carriers, nested PCR protocols should be designed with an internal fragment such as BAB-GF2/ BAB-GR2 framing the V4 hyper-variable region. This primer pair is highly conserved among Babesia and Theileria species and may also detect less closely related genotypes, such as the Babesia microti complex or sequences related to Babesia odocoilei that have also been detected in roe deer or red deer in Europe (Tampieri et al, 2008;Zintl et al, 2011). To distinguish between the closely related B. divergens and B. capreoli, it is necessary to at least sequence the 18S rRNA PCR fragment of the V4 region, with two characteristic nucleotides at positions 631 and 663 of the complete sequence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other Babesiae (e.g., the Missouri-type, Babesia MO1, and the B. microti complex) are probably also present in Europe in roe deer since related sequences have been identified at least once in roe deer in Italy (Tampieri et al, 2008). Molecular studies on wild and domestic ruminants and ticks have been made on housekeeping genes (18S ribosomal subunit) or internal transcribed spacer sequences (Duh et al, 2001(Duh et al, , 2005Hilpertshauser et al, 2006;García-Sanmartín et al, 2007;Schmid et al, 2008;Blaschitz et al, 2008;Hoby et al, 2009;Zintl et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibody Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Babesia Spp. In Roe Deer in France

Bastian

Jouglin

Brisseau

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In a region-wide serologic study carried out in 2004 on free-ranging hunted roe deer in various landscapes, we found that 58% of the animals (237 out of 406) were antibody positive for Babesia divergens antigen. Serologic and infection status was also analyzed for 327 roe deer livetrapped in two fenced forest areas over 5 yr . For two consecutive years during this period, 92 and 94% of the deer in these closed populations were antibody-positive for B. divergens. Babesia spp. were isolated in autologous red blood cell culture for 131 of the trapped animals (40%). Molecular typing was done on 76 isolates with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods targeted at the 18S ribosomal subunit gene (18 isolates) and the Bd37 gene coding for a merozoïte surface antigen implicated in a protective response (60 isolates). Results indicated continuous cocirculation of B. capreoli and B. venatorum in both forests and possible coinfection of animals with both species. No infection with B. divergens was detected. Fifteen isolates were confirmed to be B. capreoli by sequencing part of the 18S rRNA gene. Using PCR detection of the Bd37 gene, all nine isolates of B. venatorum in this study were negative, whereas the 15 confirmed and 50 putative B. capreoli isolates showed very variable restriction profiles, distinct from those known for Bd37 in B. divergens. Two isolates showed conflicting results, suggestive of mixed infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Babesia Spp. In Roe Deer in France

Bastian

Jouglin

Brisseau

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…divergens in roe deer was confirmed in Slovenia (Duh et al 2005), Italy , Tampieri et al 2008, and also in Poland (Sawczuk et al 2005), but molecular identification was based only on a short fragment (407 bp) of the nuclear small subunit rRNA gene. Differentiation of Bab.…”

Section: Tick-borne Pathogen Diversity In Roe Deermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…divergens and a different Bab. Divergens-like organism was reported in wild cervids (roe deer and red deer) (Duh et al 2005, Tampieri et al 2008, but the exact systematic positions of these isolates are still being evaluated (Zintl et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Infection and Genetic Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Roe Deer from Poland

Welc-Falęciak

Werszko

Cydzik

et al. 2013

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Wild species are essential hosts for maintaining Ixodes ticks and the tick-borne diseases. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence, the rate of co-infection with Babesia, Bartonella, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and the molecular diversity of tick-borne pathogens in roe deer in Poland. Almost half of the tested samples provided evidence of infection with at least 1 species. A. phagocytophilum (37.3%) was the most common and Bartonella (13.4%) the rarest infection. A total of 18.3% of all positive samples from roe deer were infected with at least 2 pathogens, and one-third of those were co-infected with A. phagocytophilum, Bartonella, and Babesia species. On the basis of multilocus molecular studies we conclude that: (1) Two different genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum, zoonotic and nonzoonotic, are widely distributed in Polish roe deer population; (2) the roe deer is the host for zoonotic Babesia (Bab. venatorum, Bab. divergens), closely related or identical with strains/ species found in humans; (3) our Bab. capreoli and Bab. divergens isolates differed from reported genotypes at 2 conserved base positions, i.e., positions 631 and 663; and (4) this is the first description of Bart. schoenbuchensis infections in roe deer in Poland. We present 1 of the first complex epidemiological studies on the prevalence of Babesia, Bartonella, and A. phagocytophilum in naturally infected populations of roe deer. These game animals clearly have an important role as reservoir hosts of tick-borne pathogens, but the pathogenicity and zoonotic potential of the parasite genotypes hosted by roe deer requires further detailed investigation.

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“…While several species of Babesia can infect humans, Babesia microti and Babesia divergens are the species most often associated with human infection (187,229,281). Small mammals (235,307,492,539,574) and ruminants (275,354,501,542,574) serve as reservoirs for Babesia spp., and humans usually become infected after an infected Ixodes tick takes a blood meal. However, transmission via blood transfusion has also been widely reported (50,86,246,272,366,379).…”

Section: Babesia Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

et al. 2010

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SUMMARY There are many neglected nonenteric protozoa able to cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans, particularly in the developing world. Diseases caused by certain protozoa are often more severe in the presence of HIV. While information regarding neglected tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids and Plasmodium is abundant, these protozoa are often not a first consideration in Western countries where they are not endemic. As such, diagnostics may not be available in these regions. Due to global travel and immigration, this has become an increasing problem. Inversely, in certain parts of the world (particularly sub-Saharan Africa), the HIV problem is so severe that diseases like microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are common. In Western countries, due to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these diseases are infrequently encountered. While free-living amoebae are rarely encountered in a clinical setting, when infections do occur, they are often fatal. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential to the survival of patients infected with these organisms. This paper reviews information on the diagnosis and treatment of nonenteric protozoal diseases in immunocompromised people, with a focus on patients infected with HIV. The nonenteric microsporidia, some trypanosomatids, Toxoplasma spp., Neospora spp., some free-living amoebae, Plasmodium spp., and Babesia spp. are discussed.

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Wild Ungulates as Babesia Hosts in Northern and Central Italy

Cited by 54 publications

References 35 publications

Antibody Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Babesia Spp. In Roe Deer in France

Antibody Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Babesia Spp. In Roe Deer in France

Co-Infection and Genetic Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Roe Deer from Poland

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

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