Wildlife reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in Canada: Strategies for management and research

Nishi, John S.; Shury, Todd; Elkin, Brett

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.013

Cited by 101 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Examples of other wildlife serving as M. bovis reservoirs include ruminants such as African buffalo and Canadian bison, which were implicated in the epidemiology of bTB in South Africa and Canada, respectively (Nishi et al 2006). The European badger was shown to be the source of M. bovis in the recent outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis in Ireland and UK (Delahay et al 2002;Phillips et al 2003) and the bushtail possum was found to be a major wildlife reservoir of bTB in New Zealand (Coleman & Cooke 2001).…”

Section: Bacteria In Wild Boars That Are Potentially Transmissible Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans

Meng

Lindsay

Sriranganathan

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

396

314

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Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are indigenous in many countries in the world. These free-living swine are known reservoirs for a number of viruses, bacteria and parasites that are transmissible to domestic animals and humans. Changes of human habitation to suburban areas, increased use of lands for agricultural purposes, increased hunting activities and consumption of wild boar meat have increased the chances of exposure of wild boars to domestic animals and humans. Wild boars can act as reservoirs for many important infectious diseases in domestic animals, such as classical swine fever, brucellosis and trichinellosis, and in humans, diseases such as hepatitis E, tuberculosis, leptospirosis and trichinellosis. For examples, wild boars are reservoirs for hepatitis E virus, and cluster cases of hepatitis E have been reported in Japan of humans who consumed wild boar meat. In Canada, an outbreak of trichinellosis was linked to the consumption of wild boar meat. The incidence of tuberculosis owing to Mycobacterium bovis has increased in wild boars, thus posing a potential concern for infections in livestock and humans. It has also been documented that six hunters contracted Brucella suis infections from wild swine in Florida. This article discusses the prevalence and risk of infectious agents in wild boars and their potential transmission to livestock and humans.

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Section: Bacteria In Wild Boars That Are Potentially Transmissible Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans

Meng

Lindsay

Sriranganathan

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

396

314

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“…The HLWBRP demonstrated that community involvement and a structured approach to disease management can be successful in dealing with brucellosis, but more-stringent disease-control practices are required for elimination of bTB (Himsworth et al 2010b). There is strong evidence that bison are currently the only wildlife reservoir of M. bovis and B. abortus in northern Canada (Shury et al 2006;Wobeser 2009), making eradication of these two pathogens a realistic objective without compromising the ecological integrity of northern ecosystems. This is in contrast to other parts of the world where multiple species are potential reservoirs of B. abortus (Kriek 2006;Zanella et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the FEARO panel recommendation to depopulate and repopulate infected wood bison herds (Connelly et al 1990), policy focus and discussion centered almost exclusively around that one option (Shury et al 2006), which was controversial and divisive Pybus and Shury 2012). There was limited discussion of alternative management strategies among wildlife management agencies until recently.…”

Section: Potential Options For Future Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efforts to integrate science, policy, and societal values and perspectives were attempted numerous times, but a longterm solution leading to the eradication of the two diseases remains elusive. A proposal by the Canadian Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office (FEARO) to depopulate infected wood bison herds and replace them with disease-free herds in 1990 was rejected because of significant public opposition (Connelly et al 1990;McCormack 1992;Nishi et al 2006). Since the FEARO panel recommendation, there have been many scientific and technical advances in disease ecology, vaccine technology, diagnostic testing, genetic salvage techniques, reproductive technologies, and understanding of immune responses to bTB and brucellosis in wildlife species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE) IN NORTHERN CANADA: A RENEWED NEED TO DEVELOP OPTIONS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT

Shury

Nishi²,

Elkin

et al. 2015

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Effective, long-term strategies to manage the threat of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis spillback from northern, diseased bison to the Canadian cattle herd and adjacent disease-free wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) herds have eluded policy makers in recent decades. A controversial plan to depopulate infected herds and repopulate them with diseasefree wood bison was rejected in 1990 because of significant public concern. Since then, technical advances in vaccine technology, genetic salvage, selective culling, and diagnostic test development have occurred. Containment strategies to reduce further spread of these diseases are a necessary first step; recent progress has been made in this area, but challenges remain. This progress has produced more options for management of these herds in northern Canada, and it is time to consider wood bison conservation and long-term disease eradication as equally important goals that must satisfy concerns of conservation groups, agriculture sectors, aboriginal groups, and the general public. Management of wildlife disease reservoirs in other areas, including Yellowstone and Riding Mountain national parks, has demonstrated that effective disease management is possible. Although combinations of different strategies, including vaccination, genetic salvage techniques, and selective culling, that use sensitive and specific diagnostic tests may offer alternatives to depopulation/repopulation, they also have logistic constraints and cost implications that will need consideration in a multistakeholder, collaborative-management framework. We feel the time is right for this discussion, so a longterm solution to this problem can be applied.

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“…However, there is a generally higher risk and uncertainty associated with bTB levels in deer, including roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) [42]. Deer have been implicated as a wildlife source for bTB in other parts of the world [43][44][45][46], so bTB infection in the British farmland ecosystem could also be assisted by the presence of deer within the host community in certain areas. However, an assessment of the potential additional risk from deer is reliant on knowledge of the spatial distribution and abundance of the principal wildlife host, the badger, which has generally been the limiting factor in landscape-scale analyses of bTB incidence [24][25][26]47].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of bovine tuberculosis in British livestock: there is no ‘silver bullet’

White

Böhm

Marion

et al. 2008

Trends in Microbiology

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB; Mycobacterium bovis) is a bacterial infection of cattle that also affects certain wildlife species. Culling badgers (Meles meles), the principal wildlife host, results in perturbation of the badger population and an increased level of disease in cattle. Therefore, the priority for future management must be to minimize the risk of disease transmission by finding new ways to reduce the contact rate among the host community. At the farm level, targeting those individuals that represent an elevated risk of transmission might prove to be effective. At the landscape level, risk mapping can provide the basis for targeted surveillance of the host community. Here, we review the current evidence for bTB persistence in Britain and make recommendations for future management and research. Wildlife hosts for bovine tuberculosisMany infections of humans and their livestock are able to cross-infect multiple host species [1]. The presence of infections within a multiple-host community can complicate attempts to reduce disease [2,3], not only because of varying resistance to infection between the different host species but also because of ecological and behavioural differences.Bovine tuberculosis (bTB; Mycobacterium bovis) persists in various countries in the developed world. In some of these countries (including Britain, Ireland and New Zealand), the presence of additional wildlife hosts for the infection -principally Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in the UK and Ireland, and brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and ferrets (Mustela putorius) in New Zealand -is thought to have contributed to the persistence of the disease in cattle, despite considerable investment in culling programmes to reduce the populations of these wildlife hosts. Badgers are particularly well suited as a host for bTB because they are a group-living animal. They exhibit a range of social structures, with social group size varying between two individuals in Poland and 25 individuals in Britain, and group territories ranging from 0.14 km 2 in Britain to 14 km 2 in Poland and Finland [4].In Britain, the total economic costs associated with bTB between 2004 and 2011 are expected to reach £1 billion [5]. A test-and-slaughter strategy to detect and remove bTB-infected cattle from British herds had all but eradicated bovine bTB in a large part of Britain by the 1970s, and persistent infection was limited to distinct areas in southwest Britain. Since that time, badgers have been implicated increasingly in the persistence and reemergence of bTB as the disease has spread once more into new areas, both within southwest Britain and beyond.A large-scale field trial, the Randomized Badger Culling Trial (RBCT), was initiated in 1999 to determine the extent of badger involvement in bTB in cattle and the effectiveness of culling badgers in reducing bTB infection in cattle [6,7]. The field trial showed that badger culling over 100-km 2 areas could result in a decrease in cattle bTB inside these areas, with effectiveness increasing with distan...

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Wildlife reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in Canada: Strategies for management and research

Cited by 101 publications

References 34 publications

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans

TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE) IN NORTHERN CANADA: A RENEWED NEED TO DEVELOP OPTIONS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT

Control of bovine tuberculosis in British livestock: there is no ‘silver bullet’

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