Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of birds of prey trade in Thailand

Siriwat, Penthai; Nijman, Vincent

doi:10.1016/j.japb.2020.03.012

Cited by 70 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Specialist training of enforcement personnel at ports is needed, and sometimes manuals and online sources have to be referred to, and outside expertise sought, in order to match species against descriptions on paperwork [ 208 ]. Online trade in wild animals as pets and the increased use of social media platforms for this purpose [ 209 , 210 , 211 ] has developed faster than the capacity of enforcement authorities to track, monitor, and regulate it [ 212 ]. Much of the trade, therefore, continues to operate underground [ 16 , 213 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning Negatives into Positives for Pet Trading and Keeping: A Review of Positive Lists

Toland¹,

Bando²,

Hamers

et al. 2020

Animals

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The trading and keeping of exotic pets are associated with animal welfare, conservation, environmental protection, agricultural animal health, and public health concerns and present serious regulatory challenges to legislators and enforcers. Most legislation concerning exotic pet trading and keeping involves restricting or banning problematic species, a practice known as “negative listing”. However, an alternative approach adopted by some governments permits only the keeping of animals that meet certain scientifically proven criteria as suitable in respect of species, environmental, and public health and safety protections. We conducted an evaluation of positive lists for the regulation of pet trading and keeping within the context of the more prevalent system of restricting or prohibiting species via negative lists. Our examination of international, national, and regional regulations in Europe, the United States, and Canada found that criteria used for the development of both negative and positive lists were inconsistent or non-specific. Our online surveys of governments received limited responses, although telephone interviews with officials from governments either considering or developing positive lists provided useful insights into their attitudes and motivations towards adopting positive lists. We discuss key issues raised by civil servants including perceived advantages of positive lists and anticipated challenges when developing lists of suitable species. In addition, we compare functions of negative and positive lists, and recommend key principles that we hope will be helpful to governments concerning development and implementation of regulations based on positive lists.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning Negatives into Positives for Pet Trading and Keeping: A Review of Positive Lists

Toland¹,

Bando²,

Hamers

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Value of the Data • The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) presents a suite of biosecurity, welfare, and conservation concerns [1,2]. Increasingly, IWT occurs on the Internet and researchers are seeking ways to find and quantify IWT [3,4]. Our dataset provides a comprehensive list of taxa involved in IWT (c. 3.3k species), their common names, and their intended usage.…”

Section: Data Accessibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dataset of seized wildlife and their intended uses

Stringham¹,

Moncayo²,

Thomas³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) threatens conservation and biosecurity efforts. The Internet has greatly facilitated the trade of wildlife, and researchers have increasingly examined the Internet to uncover illegal trade. However, most efforts to locate illegal trade on the Internet are targeted to one or few taxa or products. Large-scale efforts to find illegal wildlife on the Internet (e-commerce, social media, dark web) may be facilitated by a systematic compilation of illegally traded wildlife taxa and their uses. Here, we provide such a dataset. We used seizure records from three global wildlife trade databases to compile the identity of seized taxa along with their intended usage (i.e., use-type). Our dataset includes c. 4.9k distinct taxa representing c. 3.3k species and contains c. 11k taxa-use combinations from 110 unique use-types. Further, we acquired over 45k common names for seized taxa from over 100 languages. Our dataset can be used to conduct large-scale broad searches of the Internet to find illegally traded wildlife. Further, our dataset can be filtered for more targeted searches of specific taxa or derived products.

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“…Reliable data on the quantity and composition of the wildlife trade (legal and illegal) is vital for informing decisions about conservation, biosecurity and law enforcement, and developing human behavior change campaigns; yet this data is not collected often, or is difficult to obtain (Regueira & Bernard 2012;Eskew et al 2020). In recent years, the Internet has played an increasingly important role in facilitating the wildlife trade (Siriwat & Nijman 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A guide to using the internet to monitor and quantify the wildlife trade

Stringham

Toomes

Kanishka

et al. 2021

Conservation Biology

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The unrivaled growth in e-commerce of animals and plants presents an unprecedented opportunity to monitor wildlife trade to inform conservation, biosecurity, and law enforcement. Using the internet to quantify the scale of the wildlife trade (volume and frequency) is a relatively recent and rapidly developing approach that lacks an accessible framework for locating relevant websites and collecting data. We produced an accessible guide for internet-based wildlife trade surveillance. We detailed a repeatable method involving a systematic internet search, with search engines, to locate relevant websites and content. For data collection, we highlight web-scraping technology as an efficient way to collect data in an automated fashion at regularly timed intervals. Our guide is applicable to the multitude of trade-based contexts because researchers can tailor search keywords for specific taxa or derived products and locations of interest. We provide information for working with the diversity of websites used in wildlife trade. For example, to locate relevant content on social media (e.g., posts or groups), each social media platform should be examined individually via the site's internal search engine. A key advantage of using the internet to study wildlife trade is the relative ease of access to an increasing amount of trade-related data. However, not all wildlife trade occurs online and it may occur on unobservable sections of the internet.

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Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of birds of prey trade in Thailand

Cited by 70 publications

References 48 publications

Turning Negatives into Positives for Pet Trading and Keeping: A Review of Positive Lists

Turning Negatives into Positives for Pet Trading and Keeping: A Review of Positive Lists

Dataset of seized wildlife and their intended uses

A guide to using the internet to monitor and quantify the wildlife trade

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