Will SARS-CoV-2 become endemic?

Shaman, Jeffrey; Galanti, Marta

doi:10.1126/science.abe5960

Cited by 109 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…But according to reinfections frequencies by seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs), this immunity may only last a year (12). Given the global spread and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, this lethal virus is expected to become endemic (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections

et al. 2020

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In December 2019, the novel betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 has since become a pandemic virus resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and deep socioeconomic implications worldwide. In recent months, efforts have been directed towards detecting, tracking, and better understanding human humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has become critical to develop robust and reliable serological assays to characterize the abundance, neutralization efficiency, and duration of antibodies in virus-exposed individuals. Here we review the latest knowledge on humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with the benefits and limitations of currently available commercial and laboratory-based serological assays. We also highlight important serological considerations, such as antibody expression levels, stability and neutralization dynamics, as well as cross-reactivity and possible immunological back-boosting by seasonal coronaviruses. The ability to accurately detect, measure and characterize the various antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 is necessary for vaccine development, manage risk and exposure for healthcare and at-risk workers, and for monitoring reinfections with genetic variants and new strains of the virus. Having a thorough understanding of the benefits and cautions of standardized serological testing at a community level remains critically important in the design and implementation of future vaccination campaigns, epidemiological models of immunity, and public health measures that rely heavily on up-to-date knowledge of transmission dynamics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections

et al. 2020

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“…Along with the initial step of defining an effective vaccine for the immediate crisis, factors such as viral mutation rate and the uncertainty of long-term immunity could play a large role in ongoing management. It is unclear if it will be possible to develop "sterilizing immunity" to the virus, thus preventing infection completely [18][19][20] . A yearly "flu-type" immunization would necessitate continued surveillance of both viral evolution and patients' yearly immune responses to keep transmission and mortality to a minimum 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution mapping and characterization of epitopes in COVID-19 patients

Haynes

Kamath

Bozekowski

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Fine scale delineation of epitopes recognized by the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection will be critical to understanding disease heterogeneity and informing development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutics. The Serum Epitope Repertoire Analysis (SERA) platform leverages a high diversity random bacterial display library to identify epitope binding specificities with single amino acid resolution. We applied SERA broadly, across human, viral and viral strain proteomes in multiple cohorts with a wide range of outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We identify dominant epitope motifs and profiles which effectively classify COVID-19, distinguish mild from severe disease, and relate to neutralization activity. We identify a repertoire of epitopes shared by SARS-CoV-2 and endemic human coronaviruses and determine that a region of amino acid sequence identity shared by the SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site and the host protein ENaC-alpha is a potential cross-reactive epitope. Finally, we observe decreased epitope signal for mutant strains which points to reduced antibody response to mutant SARS-CoV-2. Together, these findings indicate that SERA enables high resolution of antibody epitopes that can inform data-driven design and target selection for COVID-19 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines.

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“…Therapies are predominately being developed to treat acute viral infections in hospital settings versus being evaluated for their prophylactic potential [10][11][12]. It is likely multiple interventional strategies will be required to prevent and treat COVID-19 [13,14], particularly given the emergence of drug-and vaccine-resistant variants, with SARS-CoV-2 possibly becoming an endemic viral infection [15]. Drugs shown to exhibit broad spectrum antiviral activity might help address COVID-19 and potential future viral pandemics [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brilacidin Demonstrates Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in Cell Culture

Bakovic

Risner

Bhalla

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the newly emergent causative agent of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), has resulted in more than two million deaths worldwide since it was first detected in 2019. There is a critical global need for therapeutic intervention strategies that can be deployed to safely treat COVID-19 disease and reduce associated morbidity and mortality. Increasing evidence shows that both natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also referred to as Host Defense Proteins/Peptides (HDPs), can inhibit SARS-CoV-2, paving the way for the potential clinical use of these molecules as therapeutic options. In this manuscript, we describe the potent antiviral activity exerted by brilacidin—a de novo designed synthetic small molecule that captures the biological properties of HDPs—on SARS-CoV-2 in a human lung cell line (Calu-3) and a monkey cell line (Vero). These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 inhibition in these cell culture models is likely to be a result of the impact of brilacidin on viral entry and its disruption of viral integrity. Brilacidin demonstrated synergistic antiviral activity when combined with remdesivir. Collectively, our data demonstrate that brilacidin exerts potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 against different strains of the virus in cell culture.

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Will SARS-CoV-2 become endemic?

Abstract: Reinfection, seasonality, and viral competition will shape endemic transmission patterns

Cited by 109 publications

References 12 publications

Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections

High-resolution mapping and characterization of epitopes in COVID-19 patients

Brilacidin Demonstrates Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in Cell Culture

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