Will tetrahydrocannabinol be formed from cannabidiol in gastric fluid? An in vivo experiment

Franz, Simon; Herzog, Josefine; Skopp, Gisela; Mußhoff, Frank

doi:10.1007/s00414-022-02896-w

Int J Legal Med

2022

DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02896-w

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Will tetrahydrocannabinol be formed from cannabidiol in gastric fluid? An in vivo experiment

Simon Franz

Josefine Herzog

Gisela Skopp

et al.

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Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…For raw results see dataset28 , table sheet 2.Abbreviations: Δ 9 -THC: Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol; ARfD: acute reference dose of 1 μg THC per kg body weight 30 ; LOAEL: lowest observed adverse effect level of 2.5 mg Δ9 -THC per day 30 experiments, we agree with more recent literature[48][49][50][51] that CBD would not likely react to Δ 9 -THC under in vivo conditions. The only detectable influence leading to degradation is strong acidity, which should be avoided in CBD formulations to ensure stability of products52 .…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

Are adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?

Lachenmeier

Habel²,

Fischer³

et al. 2022

F1000Res

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Cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products are widely marketed as over the counter products, mostly as food supplements. Adverse effects reported in anecdotal consumer reports or during clinical studies were first assumed to be due to hydrolytic conversion of CBD to psychotropic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in the stomach after oral consumption. However, research of pure CBD solutions stored in simulated gastric juice or subjected to various storage conditions such as heat and light with specific liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatographic/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric (UPLC-QTOF) analyses was unable to confirm THC formation. Another hypothesis for the adverse effects of CBD products may be residual Δ9-THC concentrations in the products as contamination, because most of them are based on hemp extracts containing the full spectrum of cannabinoids besides CBD. Analyses of 293 food products of the German market (mostly CBD oils) confirmed this hypothesis: 28 products (10%) contained Δ9-THC above the lowest observed adverse effect level (2.5 mg/day). Hence, it may be assumed that the adverse effects of some commercial CBD products are based on a low-dose effect of Δ9-THC, with the safety of CBD itself currently being unclear with significant uncertainties regarding possible liver and reproductive toxicity. The safety, efficacy and purity of commercial CBD products is highly questionable, and all of the products in our sample collection showed various non-conformities to European food law such as unsafe Δ9-THC levels, hemp extracts or CBD isolates as non-approved novel food ingredients, non-approved health claims, and deficits in mandatory food labelling requirements. In view of the growing market for such lifestyle products, the effectiveness of the instrument of food business operators' own responsibility for product safety and regulatory compliance must obviously be challenged, and a strong regulatory framework for hemp products needs to be devised.

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supporting

confidence: 88%

Are adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?

Lachenmeier

Habel²,

Fischer³

et al. 2022

F1000Res

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Current chromatographic methods to determine cannabinoids in biological samples: A review of the state-of-the art on sample preparation techniques

Oliveira,

Grecco,

de Souza

et al. 2024

Green Analytical Chemistry

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Complexity of Translating Analytics to Recent Cannabis Use and Impairment

DeGregorio,

Kao,

Wurz

2024

Journal of AOAC International

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While current analytical methodologies can readily identify cannabis use, definitively establishing recent use within the impairment window has proven to be far more complex, requiring a new approach. Recent studies have shown no direct relationship between impairment and Δ9-tetra-hydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations in blood or saliva, making legal “per se” Δ9-THC limits scientifically unjustified. Current methods that focus on Δ9-THC and/or metabolite concentrations in blood, saliva, urine, or exhaled breath can lead to false positive results for recent use due to the persistence of Δ9-THC well outside of the typical three to four-hour window of potential impairment following cannabis inhalation. There is also the issue of impairment due to other intoxicating substances– just because a subject exhibits signs of impairment and cannabis use is detected does not rule out the involvement of other drugs. Compounding the matter is the increasing popularity of hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) products following passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, which legalized industrial hemp in the U.S. Many of these products contain varying levels of Δ9-THC, which can lead to false positive tests for cannabis use. Furthermore, hemp-derived CBD is used to synthesize Δ8-THC, which possesses psychoactive properties similar to Δ9-THC and is surrounded by legal controversy. For accuracy, analytical methods must be able to distinguish the various THC isomers, which have identical masses and exhibit immunological cross-reactivity. A new testing approach has been developed based on exhaled breath and blood sampling that incorporates kinetic changes and the presence of key cannabinoids to detect recent cannabis use within the impairment window without the false positive results seen with other methods. The complexity of determining recent cannabis use that may lead to impairment demands such a comprehensive method so that irresponsible users can be accurately detected without falsely accusing responsible users who may unjustly suffer harsh, life-changing consequences.

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Will tetrahydrocannabinol be formed from cannabidiol in gastric fluid? An in vivo experiment

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Are adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?

Are adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?

Current chromatographic methods to determine cannabinoids in biological samples: A review of the state-of-the art on sample preparation techniques

Complexity of Translating Analytics to Recent Cannabis Use and Impairment

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