Wilms' Tumor Metastatic to Bilateral Testes at Presentation: Case and Review of the Literature

The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to a Child Having Simultaneous Renal and Testicular Mass

“…The literature analysis suggested retrograde venous or retrograde lymphatic extension as the most common mode of testicular metastasis [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]24]. Other suggested mode of testicular metastasis are hematogenous and transcoelomic (associated patent processus vaginalis).…”

“…The lymphatic spreads to lymph nodes are the most common. The rare site of metastasis are mediastinum and testis [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…To the best of our search (all languages, both indexed non indexed journal) with the key words testicular metastasis, paratesticular metastasis, metastatic Wilms' tumor in the literature from 1928 to 2016, we found 12 cases of testicular/ paratesticular metastasis of WT [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. We excluded the cases of extrarenal scrotal WT (scrotal WT without primary renal involvement) arising from heterotropc anlage [17].…”

Circulating microRNA profiles in Wilms tumour (WT): A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy

“…Approximately 98–99% of WT cases are sporadic, whereas 1–2% are familial [ 2 , 5 ]. Metastatic forms are observed in approximately 12% of cases [ 6 ]; they are 80% pulmonary, 10% hepatic [ 7 ], but lymph node or bone metastasis may be observed in rare cases [ 5 ]. Up to 20% of WTs are discovered inadvertently during routine check-up visits as tumours can become large without manifesting any specific symptoms [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Rare clinical condition during Wilms’ tumor treatment: Testicular metastasis

“…On review of reported Wilms’ tumor cases with testicular metastasis (Table ), only one patient had testicular metastasis at diagnosis of renal mass . All the other patients ( n = 9) developed testicular metastasis several months after beginning initial treatment (chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy).…”