“…Up to now, numerous algorithms have been used in protein function prediction based on PPI networks, such as edge-betweenness clustering ( Dunn et al, 2005 ), Graphlet-based edge clustering ( Solava et al, 2012 ), clique percolation ( Adamcsek et al, 2006 ), GRAAL ( Kuchaiev et al, 2010 ), hybrid-property based method ( Hu et al, 2011 ), and IsoRank ( Singh et al, 2008 ). Moreover, advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques have also been used for protein function prediction, including collective classification ( Xiong et al, 2013 ; Wu et al, 2014 ), active learning ( Xiong et al, 2014 ), DeepInteract ( Sunil et al, 2017 ), ConvsPPIS ( Zhu et al, 2020 ), PhosIDN ( Yang et al, 2021 ) and WinBinVec ( Abdollahi et al, 2021 ), etc.…”