Wind induced loading cycle and fatigue testing of lightweight roofing fixations

Gerhardt, H.J.; Kramer, Carl

doi:10.1016/0167-6105(86)90045-0

Cited by 28 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This load history was appropriate for a 50-year design life in the UK. An alternative load history by Gerhard and Kramer [13], used by UEAtc and ETAG documents, was also considered. Both load histories are similar [14], Cook's load history was chosen as being representative since specimen profiles are used in the UK market.…”

Section: Cyclic Testing 241 Load Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue Behaviour of Aluminium Members with Different Notch Root Shapes

et al. 2022

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In unitised curtain walls, the transfer of horizontal loads, mainly wind loads, from the upper into the lower unit is achieved through the head/notch interlocking connection. Optimisation of the machining process would require a sharp root of the notch, causing an increase in the stress concentration. In order to predict fatigue resistance during design life, the influence of the radius at the root of the notch has been tested in both static and cyclic regimes. The cyclic regime is based on the load history equivalent of 50 years of wind exposure. Numerical simulations on the test assembly have been conducted in order to verify their adequacy for future research on similar issues. The experimental results demonstrated that, for the given specimen shape and alloy, a sharp notch would not lead to premature failure, and such a detail is safe from the purview of damage-tolerant design.

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Section: Cyclic Testing 241 Load Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue Behaviour of Aluminium Members with Different Notch Root Shapes

et al. 2022

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“…Wind 2021, 1 45 dynamic behavior of single-ply membrane roofing systems using a full-scale specimen. Test methods for evaluating the wind resistance of mechanically attached waterproofing systems have been investigated by many researchers, e.g., Gerhardt and Kramer [5,6], Baskaran and Chen [7], and Baskaran et al [8]. In conventional test methods, including the above-mentioned ones, the specimen is subjected to spatially uniform pressure, which may be static or dynamic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Benefit of Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels in Reducing Wind Loads on a Membrane Roofing System on a Flat Roof

Uematsu

Yambe

Watanabe³

et al. 2021

Wind

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The present paper proposes a measure for improving the wind-resistant performance of photovoltaic systems and mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing systems installed on flat roofs by combining them together. Mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing systems are often used in Japan. These roofing systems are often damaged by strong winds, because they are very sensitive to wind action. Recently, photovoltaic (PV) systems placed on flat roofs have become popular. They are also often damaged by strong winds directed onto the underside, which cause large wind forces onto the PV panels. For improving the wind resistance of these systems, we proposed to install PV panels horizontally with gaps between them. Such an installation may decrease the wind forces on the PV panels due to the pressure equalization effect as well as on the waterproofing membrane due to the shielding effect of the PV panels. This paper discusses the validity of such an idea. The pressure on the bottom surface of a PV panel, called the “layer pressure” here, was evaluated by a numerical simulation based on the unsteady Bernoulli equation. In the simulation, the time history of the external pressure coefficients, measured at many points on the roof in a wind tunnel, was employed. It was found that the wind forces, both on the PV panels and on the roofing system, were significantly reduced. The reduction was large near the roof’s corner, where large suction pressures were induced in oblique winds. Thus, the proposed method improved the wind resistance of both systems significantly.

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“…For the safe design, it is important to appropriately evaluate the wind-resistant performance of mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing systems under dynamic wind loading. In Europe, Gerhardt and Kramer [3], [4] developed a test procedure [5] for fatigue evaluation of roof assemblies based on wind climate data. They mentioned that cracks in the steel deck around the boreholes might occur in areas of high external suction while untwisting of the fixation elements might occur when the metal deck was vibrating under relatively small wind loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind-Induced Dynamic Behavior of Mechanically Attached Single-Ply Membrane Roofing Systems Installed on Flat Roofs

Uematsu

Sugiyama

Usukura

2021

Engineering Science & Technology

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The present paper investigates the wind-induced dynamic behavior of a mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing system installed on flat roofs of middle-rise and high-rise buildings with or without parapets. First, the wind pressure distributions on the roof were measured in a turbulent boundary layer. The results indicate that the parapets affect the wind pressure distributions significantly. Very large peak suctions are induced near the windward corner of the roof in an oblique wind in the case of a building without parapets. Then, we have developed a test method for evaluating the wind-resistant performance of the roofing system using three Pressure Loading Actuators (PLAs) and a chamber to which a full-scale specimen is attached. In the experiments, the chamber was divided into three spaces by using thin silicon sheets. The PLAs generated different fluctuating pressures in these spaces using the time history of wind pressure coefficients measured at three points near the windward corner of the roof in an oblique wind. We measured the membrane deformations and the wind forces acting on the fasteners connecting the membrane with the structural substrate. The results indicate that horizontal forces nearly equal to or larger than the vertical ones are generated on the fasteners, which may cause pulling out of fasters more easily. The failure mode was found to be different from that obtained from a ramped pressure loading test. We have also developed a model of finite element analysis, which was validated by an experiment. The results of analysis for a wide area of roofing system indicate that relatively large horizontal forces may be generated on the fasteners in the field region of the roof for buildings with parapets.

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Wind induced loading cycle and fatigue testing of lightweight roofing fixations

Cited by 28 publications

References 3 publications

Fatigue Behaviour of Aluminium Members with Different Notch Root Shapes

Fatigue Behaviour of Aluminium Members with Different Notch Root Shapes

The Benefit of Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels in Reducing Wind Loads on a Membrane Roofing System on a Flat Roof

Wind-Induced Dynamic Behavior of Mechanically Attached Single-Ply Membrane Roofing Systems Installed on Flat Roofs

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