Wind integration: experience, issues, and challenges

Abstract

The challenge of wind integration is to make best use of the variable and uncertain power source while maintaining the continuous balance between consumption and generation and high level of reliability in the power system. There is already experience of operating power systems with large amounts of wind power and integration studies give estimates on wind power impacts. Power systems are equipped to handle variability and uncertainty that comes from the electricity consumption, the load. Short-term wind forecasting is required to manage large amounts of wind power. The main impacts of wind integration are investments in grid infrastructure and efficiency losses in power plants when following the increased variations and uncertainty in the power system. Wind power will lower emissions while replacing energy produced by fossil fuels and can also replace some power plant capacity. However, wind's lower capacity value compared to conventional power plants is one integration impact of wind power, meaning higher total installed capacity in power systems with high wind penetration. Managing options for wind integration impacts includes proper wind power plant grid-connection rules, increasing transmission capacity and increasing flexibility that is available from generation plants and demand side. Further development of models and tools is required to study how entire power systems can be operated during the hours and days of very high penetration levels covering 60-80% of load. C 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity

“…As the predictability of variable renewable energy sources is low on the day-ahead market, the demand for balancing services and intraday trading will consequently increase [367,368]. The costs of RE and wholesale prices will also influence investment, expansion and retiring decisions of transmission and generation in the long run, making the average effect of RE on wholesale prices less clear than on short term [2].…”

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Wind Integration into Energy Systems with a High Share of Nuclear Power—What Are the Compromises?

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Informing Energy and Climate Policies Using Energy Systems Models

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