Wind loading and fatigue behaviour of fixings and bondings of roof coverings

Gerhardt, H.J.; Kramer, Carl

doi:10.1016/0167-6105(88)90150-x

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Wind 2021, 1 45 dynamic behavior of single-ply membrane roofing systems using a full-scale specimen. Test methods for evaluating the wind resistance of mechanically attached waterproofing systems have been investigated by many researchers, e.g., Gerhardt and Kramer [5,6], Baskaran and Chen [7], and Baskaran et al [8]. In conventional test methods, including the above-mentioned ones, the specimen is subjected to spatially uniform pressure, which may be static or dynamic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Benefit of Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels in Reducing Wind Loads on a Membrane Roofing System on a Flat Roof

Uematsu

Yambe

Watanabe³

et al. 2021

Wind

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The present paper proposes a measure for improving the wind-resistant performance of photovoltaic systems and mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing systems installed on flat roofs by combining them together. Mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing systems are often used in Japan. These roofing systems are often damaged by strong winds, because they are very sensitive to wind action. Recently, photovoltaic (PV) systems placed on flat roofs have become popular. They are also often damaged by strong winds directed onto the underside, which cause large wind forces onto the PV panels. For improving the wind resistance of these systems, we proposed to install PV panels horizontally with gaps between them. Such an installation may decrease the wind forces on the PV panels due to the pressure equalization effect as well as on the waterproofing membrane due to the shielding effect of the PV panels. This paper discusses the validity of such an idea. The pressure on the bottom surface of a PV panel, called the “layer pressure” here, was evaluated by a numerical simulation based on the unsteady Bernoulli equation. In the simulation, the time history of the external pressure coefficients, measured at many points on the roof in a wind tunnel, was employed. It was found that the wind forces, both on the PV panels and on the roofing system, were significantly reduced. The reduction was large near the roof’s corner, where large suction pressures were induced in oblique winds. Thus, the proposed method improved the wind resistance of both systems significantly.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Benefit of Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels in Reducing Wind Loads on a Membrane Roofing System on a Flat Roof

Uematsu

Yambe

Watanabe³

et al. 2021

Wind

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“…For the safe design, it is important to appropriately evaluate the wind-resistant performance of mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing systems under dynamic wind loading. In Europe, Gerhardt and Kramer [3], [4] developed a test procedure [5] for fatigue evaluation of roof assemblies based on wind climate data. They mentioned that cracks in the steel deck around the boreholes might occur in areas of high external suction while untwisting of the fixation elements might occur when the metal deck was vibrating under relatively small wind loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind-Induced Dynamic Behavior of Mechanically Attached Single-Ply Membrane Roofing Systems Installed on Flat Roofs

Uematsu

Sugiyama

Usukura

2021

Engineering Science & Technology

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The present paper investigates the wind-induced dynamic behavior of a mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing system installed on flat roofs of middle-rise and high-rise buildings with or without parapets. First, the wind pressure distributions on the roof were measured in a turbulent boundary layer. The results indicate that the parapets affect the wind pressure distributions significantly. Very large peak suctions are induced near the windward corner of the roof in an oblique wind in the case of a building without parapets. Then, we have developed a test method for evaluating the wind-resistant performance of the roofing system using three Pressure Loading Actuators (PLAs) and a chamber to which a full-scale specimen is attached. In the experiments, the chamber was divided into three spaces by using thin silicon sheets. The PLAs generated different fluctuating pressures in these spaces using the time history of wind pressure coefficients measured at three points near the windward corner of the roof in an oblique wind. We measured the membrane deformations and the wind forces acting on the fasteners connecting the membrane with the structural substrate. The results indicate that horizontal forces nearly equal to or larger than the vertical ones are generated on the fasteners, which may cause pulling out of fasters more easily. The failure mode was found to be different from that obtained from a ramped pressure loading test. We have also developed a model of finite element analysis, which was validated by an experiment. The results of analysis for a wide area of roofing system indicate that relatively large horizontal forces may be generated on the fasteners in the field region of the roof for buildings with parapets.

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“…In Europe, the European Technical Construction Agreement (VEAtc) standard wind-uplift test method was prepared based on a procedure developed by Gerhardt and Kramer [6,7]. It is intended for use throughout Europe and provides allowable loads per fastener for mechanically attached systems.…”

Section: Existing Evaluation Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of roof fasteners under simulated loading conditions

Baskaran

Dutt

1997

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

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/npsi/ctrl?lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?lang=fr Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 72, pp. 389-400, 1997 Performance of roof fasteners under simulated loading conditions Baskaran, B. A.; Dutt, O. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 72, Nov-Dec., pp. 389-400, 1997 The material in this document is covered by the provisions of the Copyright Act, by Canadian laws, policies, regulations and international agreements. Such provisions serve to identify the information source and, in specific instances, to prohibit reproduction of materials without written permission. Conventionally, in North America, design loads for roof attachment systems are determined through static testing. While presenting the development of a dynamic setup, this paper compares the fastener pullwout loads under static and dynamic conditions. This has been systematically performed for steel and wooden decks under various fastening parameters, Experimental data have indicated that the fastener failure load and mode differ significantly under dynamic testing in comparison to static testing, With steel decks, the fastener pull-out resistance decreased by 30-50% under dynamic conditions, whereas results with wooden decks, the resistance decreased by ＱｏｾＳＰＥ Therefore, for the design of mechanically attached roofing systems, one should use for the fasteners the allowable design load derived from dynamic testing. Preliminary investigations have also been carried out and further research efforts are in progress on the fastener service life predictions. Journal of Wind

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Wind loading and fatigue behaviour of fixings and bondings of roof coverings

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

The Benefit of Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels in Reducing Wind Loads on a Membrane Roofing System on a Flat Roof

The Benefit of Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels in Reducing Wind Loads on a Membrane Roofing System on a Flat Roof

Wind-Induced Dynamic Behavior of Mechanically Attached Single-Ply Membrane Roofing Systems Installed on Flat Roofs

Performance of roof fasteners under simulated loading conditions

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