Wind Speed Analysis of Hurricane Sandy

Abstract

The database of the HWind project sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for hurricanes between 1994 and 2013 is analysed. This is the first objective of the current research. Among these hurricanes, Hurricane Sandy was selected for a detailed study due to the number of files available and its social relevance, with this being the second objective of this study. Robust wind speed statistics showed a sharp increase in wind speed, around 6 m s−1 at the initial stage as Category 1, and a linear progression of its interquartile range, which increased at a rate of 0.54 m s−1 per day. Wind speed distributions were initially right-skewed. However, they evolved to nearly symmetrical or even left-skewed distributions. Robust kurtosis was similar to that of the Gaussian distribution. Due to the noticeable fraction of wind speed intermediate values, the Laplace distribution was used, its scale parameter increasing slightly during the hurricane’s lifecycle. The key features of the current study were the surface and recirculation factor calculation. The surface area with a category equal to, or higher than, a tropical storm was calculated and assumed to be circular. Its radius increased linearly up to 600 km. Finally, parcel trajectories were spirals in the lower atmosphere but loops in the mid-troposphere due to wind translation and rotation. The recirculation factor varied, reaching values close to 0.9 and revealing atmospheric stratification.

Analysis of 105 IT Project Risks

“…In particular, the product manager in the field of information technology is a specialist who manages the life cycle of IT products by organizing their creation, market launch, promotion, sales, support, development and withdrawal from the market (Petros , anu et al 2022). The project sponsor (project curator) is a senior manager who oversees the IT project on the contractor's (executor) part, provides overall control, and also supports the project team with material, human, financial and other resources (Martínez et al 2021). A person (or group of persons) who, following the completion of an IT project, will use the created program in their own interests.…”