“…Although an olfactory cue is usually essential for mate location, additional visual cues often work synergistically for mate location not only in cerambycid beetles (Fukaya and Honda, 1996a;Fukaya et al, 2004aFukaya et al, , b, 2005aFukaya, 2007) but also in the black chafer Holotrichia loochooana loochooana Sawada (Fukaya et al, 2004c), several lepidopterans (Shorey and Gaston, 1970;Hidaka, 1972;Hidaka and Yamashita, 1975;Charlton and Cardé, 1990), and dipterans (Spieth, 1974;Wall, 1989). Shapes, sizes and colors of mates are possible visual cues, but it is still controversial what is an actual key signal in the visual cues for mating, especially in cerambycid beetles.…”