“…The physical aggression and toughness that are the hallmarks of the code are argued to be culturally sedimented and normalized as key aspects of masculine self-identity (Burgess et al, 2003; Krane, 2001; Messner, 1988). A range of negative social consequences associated with the reproduction of these hegemonic norms in Australian Rules football have been investigated: alcohol consumption (Hart, 2016; Nicholson et al, 2014), domestic and sexual violence (Corboz et al, 2016; Kearney, 2012), mental and physical strain relating to an idealised form of masculine ‘mental toughness’ (Coulter et al, 2016), and the association of shame with failure to comply with norms of football masculinity (Waitt and Clifton, 2015). Furthermore, the predominance of retired male players in commentator positions, and a television focus on broadcasting men's athletic competitions, have been argued to result in the cyclical reinforcing of a masculine subculture that disenfranchises women (Litchfield and Redhead, 2015).…”