Winter Denning of Black Bears in East-Central Ontario

Kolenosky, George B.; Strathearn, S. M.

doi:10.2307/3872637

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…at value underestimates the signi�cance of large trees to black bears. Of the 89 earthen den sites in boreal forest, 41% were under trees or stumps, 23% were under logs, and only 36% were directly into soil [300]. Grizzly or brown bears also use hollowed trees, though infrequently, in British Columbia [159] and Europe [308].…”

Section: Size Of Treementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustaining Cavity-Using Species: Patterns of Cavity Use and Implications to Forest Management

Bunnell

2013

ISRN Forestry

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Many bird and mammal species rely on cavities in trees to rear their young or roost. Favourable cavity sites are usually created by fungi, so they are more common in older, dying trees that are incompatible with intensive �ber production. Forestry has reduced amounts of such trees to the extent that many cavity-using vertebrates are now designated "at risk. " e simple model of cavity use presented helps unite research �ndings, explain patterns of use, and clarify trade-o�s that can, or cannot, be made in snag management. Predictions generated are tested using data from over 300 studies. Implications to forest management are derived from the tests, including the following: ensure sustained provision of dying and dead trees, retain both conifers and hardwoods and a range of size and age classes, sustain a range of decay classes, ensure that some large trees or snags are retained, promote both aggregated and dispersed retention of dead and dying trees, meet dead wood requirements for larger species where intensive �bre production is not emphasized, do not do the same thing everywhere, and limit salvage logging aer tree mortality. e paper focuses on species breeding in the Paci�c Northwest, but draws on data from throughout those species' ranges.

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Section: Size Of Treementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustaining Cavity-Using Species: Patterns of Cavity Use and Implications to Forest Management

Bunnell

2013

ISRN Forestry

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“…Beecham et al 1983 ;Kolenosky and Strathearn 1987;Rogers 1987;Schwartz et al 1987;Wathen et al 1986;Weaver and Pelton 1994), suggesting that den type and quality play minor roles in bear survival and recruitment. However, elevated tree dens might offer better protection from the weather (Thorkelson and Maxwell 1974;Johnson et al 1978;Johnson and Pelton 1981 ;Hayes 1990), from flooding (Landers et al 1979;Johnson and Pelton 1981;Alt 1984a;Smith 1986;Schwartz et al 1987;Smith et al 1994), and from predators, including other bears, wolves (Canis lupus), and man (Landers et al 1979 ;Rogers and Mech 1981 ;Alt 1984b;Paquet and Carbyn 1986;Elowe and Dodge 1989;Hellgren and Vaughan 1989).…”

Section: Den Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both Asiatic and American black bears were easier to wake and were more likely to abandon their dens if disturbed soon after den entry than if disturbed later in the winter (Stroganov 1962;Bromlei 1965 ;Tietje and Ruff 1980 ;Beecham et al 1983;Smith 1986;Kolenosky and Strathearn 1987;Hayes and Pelton 1994). However, two Asiatic black bear males in central China reacted to researchers approaching their dens within 40-50 m at least 2 months after den entrance (Reid et al 1991).…”

Section: Response To Researcher Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, we found the den of only 1 male (which required a two-day round trip on skis), even though we radio collared more males than females. American black bear males also make longer movements to their dens, and den in more inaccessible areas than females (Johnson and Pelton 1979;Tietje and Ruff 1980 ;Kolenosky and Strathearn 1987 ;Manville 1987).…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Denning ecology of two populations of Asiatic black bears in Nagano prefecture, Japan

Huygens¹,

Goto²,

Izumiyama³

et al. 2001

Mamm

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We investigated dens, denning chronology, and behavior in dens of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in 2 neighboring study areas in central Nagano prefecture, central Japan. In the first area, which had been only partially affected by logging, 3 out of 4 dens were in hollow trees with elevated entrances. In the second area, which had been 100 % affected by logging and where virtually all hollow trees had been removed, 6 out of 6 dens were ground dens. An additional 72 dens of radiocollared bears were in areas we were unable to access due to a combination of steep terrain, deep snow, and distance from roads. The denning period was approximately 5 months, from late November-early December till late April-early May. No bear in a tree den with an elevated entrance left its den during our visits. Females without cubs left their ground dens when visited in December and in April. Females with or without cubs stayed in their ground dens when visited in mid-winter. Females with cubs stayed in their dens when visited in April. Our findings suggest Asiatic black bears in central Nagano prefecture prefer to den in hollow trees with elevated entrances. Forest managers should protect and allow for the recruitment of den trees, as well as assure the seclusion of hibernating bears by limiting access roads in denning areas.Resume. -Nous avons etudie les tanieres, la chronologic de hibernation, et le comportement dans les tanieres, de Tours noir asiatique (Ursus thibetanus) dans 2 regions voisines du centre du departement de Nagano, au centre du Japon. Dans la premiere region, qui n'avait que partiellement ete affectee par Tindustrie forestiere, 3 tanieres sur 4 etaient dans des arbres creux avec des entrees elevees. Dans la deuxieme region, qui avait ete ä 100 % affectee par Industrie forestiere et oü presque tous les arbres creux avaient ete detruits, 6 tanieres sur 6 etaient au sol. Soixante-douze autres tanieres d'ours equipes de radio-emetteurs etaient dans des endroits oü nous ne pouvions pas aller du fait du terrain tres pentu, de la neige, et de la distance les separant des routes d'acces. La periode d'hibernation etait d'environ 5 mois, de fin novembre-debut Mammalia, I. 65, n° 4, 2001: 417-428. Brought to you by | University of Arizona Authenticated Download Date | 6/1/15 11:06 PM 418 MAMMALIA decembre ä fin avril-debut mai. Aucun ours hibernant dans un arbre creux avec une entree elevee n'a abandonne sa taniere pendant nos visites. Les femelles sans oursons abandonnaient leurs tanieres au sol quand nous les derangions en decembre ou en avril. Les femelles avec ou sans oursons restaient dans leurs tanieres au sol quand nous les derangions au milieu de hiver. Les ourses avec oursons restaient dans leurs tanieres au sol quand nous les derangions en avril. Nos resultats suggerent que les ours noirs asiatiques du centre du departement de Nagano preferent hiberner dans des arbres creux avec des entrees elevees. Les services forestiers doivent proteger et assurer la conservation des arbres creux, ainsi qu'assurer l'iso...

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“…As a result, female black bears often remain at higher elevations or near den sites for longer periods than males, possibly delaying their migration to lowland moose calving areas (Haroldson et al 2002). The delay in den emergence observed among female black bears provides a ''safe-site'' habitat for nursing cubs with minimal confrontation with bears recently emerged from their den sites (Kolenosky and Strathearn 1987). For the most part, patterns of habitat avoidance by female black bears, during peak and non-peak black bear and brown bear predation periods may be the result of movement restriction and sub-optimal habitat use, thereby permitting foraging under reduced threat from larger males (Young and Beecham 1983;Haroldson et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat use by black bears in relation to conspecifics and competitors

et al. 2008

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Sympatric black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) are common in many boreal systems; however, few predator assemblages are known to coexist on a single seasonally abundant large prey item. In lowland southwestern interior Alaska, black bears and brown bears are considered the primary cause of moose (Alces alces) calf mortality during the first 6 weeks of life. The objective of this study was to document habitat use of global-positioning system (GPS)-collared black bears during peak and non-peak seasons of black bear-induced and brown bear-induced moose calf mortality within southwestern interior Alaska, in spring 2002. We compared habitats of GPS-collared black bears to those of presumably uncollared black bears and brown bears at their moose calf mortality sites. Results from this study suggest that GPS-collared black bears use similar habitat as conspecifics more than expected during the peak period of black bear predation on moose calves, whereas they use habitat in proportion to home range availability during the peak in brown bear predation on moose calves. Sex-specific Ivlev's electivity indices describe greater than expected use of mixed-deciduous forest and needleleaf forest by male GPS-collared black bears during the peak of moose calf predation, whereas females have a tendency to use these habitats less than expected. Juvenile GPS-collared black bears largely use the same habitat as other sympatric predators during the peak of moose calf predation, whereas during the non-peak period juveniles use opposite habitats as adult GPS-collared black bears. The outcome of this study offers possible explanations (e.g., sex, age) for spatial overlap or segregation in one member of a complex predator guild in relation to a seasonal pulse of preferred prey.

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Winter Denning of Black Bears in East-Central Ontario

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

Sustaining Cavity-Using Species: Patterns of Cavity Use and Implications to Forest Management

Sustaining Cavity-Using Species: Patterns of Cavity Use and Implications to Forest Management

Denning ecology of two populations of Asiatic black bears in Nagano prefecture, Japan

Habitat use by black bears in relation to conspecifics and competitors

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