Winter Occurrence of Three Merlin Subspecies in Southwestern Idaho, U.S.A

Haak, Bruce A.

doi:10.3356/jrr-11-24.1

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…1c) across the North American taiga, to pale ( F. c. richardsonii , Fig. 1d) in the northern prairie region (Haak 2012, Warkentin et al . 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1c) across the North American taiga, to pale (F. c. richardsonii, Fig. 1d) in the northern prairie region (Haak 2012, Warkentin et al 2020. Eastern Idaho is one of the few locations where all three subspecies are known to occur in large numbers during the non-breeding season and where subspecies determination based on an individual's plumage was standard procedure at the sampling location (Haak 2012): F. c. columbarius (n = 16), F. c. richardsonii (n = 6) and F. c. suckleyi (n = 14).…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…1d) in the northern prairie region (Haak 2012, Warkentin et al 2020. Eastern Idaho is one of the few locations where all three subspecies are known to occur in large numbers during the non-breeding season and where subspecies determination based on an individual's plumage was standard procedure at the sampling location (Haak 2012): F. c. columbarius (n = 16), F. c. richardsonii (n = 6) and F. c. suckleyi (n = 14). Individuals were not systematically identified to subspecies at other sampling locations and determination cannot be done post-sample collection.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We included individuals that had fewer than three missing loci in the microsatellite analyses and calculated genetic diversity statistics at three levels: (1) Alaska/flyways: Alaska (n = 30), Pacific (n = 31), Intermountain (n = 70), Mississippi (n = 66) and Atlantic (n = 66); (2) east-west: east (Mississippi and Atlantic; n = 132) and west (Alaska, Pacific and Intermountain groups; n = 131); and (3) overall (n = 263). Genetic diversity metrics included observed (H O ) and expected (H E ) heterozygosities, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and number of alleles using Arlequin ver 3.5.2.2 (Excoffier et al 1992, Excoffier & Lischer 2010, and the number of private alleles using GenAlEx ver 6.5 (Peakall & Smouse 2006, 2012. We performed an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) in Arlequin to test for population differentiation between the eastwest groups.…”

Section: Microsatellite Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population genetics and phylogeography of North American Merlins (Falco columbarius) in thepost‐DDT era

Martinico

Sage²,

Gravley³

et al. 2023

Ibis

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In North America, the population genetic structure of many raptor species has been shaped by patterns of post-glacial population expansion and anthropogenic forces, such as the widespread use of the organochlorine pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) during the mid-20th century. While common themes of post-glacial avian population expansion have emerged, little is known about the genetic impacts of DDT on raptor species that experienced a population bottleneck but were not the focus of conservation efforts. We investigated how the combination of post-Pleistocene environmental change and the DDT-era population bottleneck have influenced the contemporary population structure of Merlins Falco columbarius in North America. We genotyped migrating Merlins across North America (n = 272) at 23 polymorphic microsatellite loci and generated sequence data for a 569-base-pair segment of the mitochondrial control region. We used hierarchical analysis of molecular variance, pairwise F ST /ϕ ST comparisons and Bayesian clustering analyses to assess genetic differentiation between individuals from eastern and western North America, distinct migratory flyways, and three recognized North American subspecies. Across all analyses, we found low or no population differentiation, suggesting that North American Merlins largely comprise one panmictic population showing evidence of a post-glacial population expansion with little genetic differentiation detected between regions. Furthermore, we did not detect a contemporary signal of a genetic bottleneck that could have resulted from the DDT-era population decline with the markers used in this study. Consistent with other avian species, we found a correlation between allele length variation at a microsatellite isolated from the 3 0 untranslated region of the ADCYAP1 gene and migratory versus sedentary characteristics in Merlin subspecies. We detected two common mitochondrial control region haplotypes in the geographical regions sampled, a unique pattern among other widespread North American raptor species. This study furthers our understanding of the genetic and demographic history of Merlins in North America and can inform future genomic studies of this species.

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“…1c) across the North American taiga, to pale ( F. c. richardsonii , Fig. 1d) in the northern prairie region (Haak 2012, Warkentin et al . 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microsatellite Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Population genetics and phylogeography of North American Merlins (Falco columbarius) in thepost‐DDT era

Martinico

Sage²,

Gravley³

et al. 2023

Ibis

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Magical Merlins

Dudek

Bell²

2022

Journal of Raptor Research

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Magical Merlins, edited and mostly written by Bruce Haak, an accomplished raptor biologist, bander, and Journal of Raptor Research (JRR) contributor, provides an approachable introduction to Merlin (Falco columbarius) ecology focused on North America's Pacific Northwest. This attractive book was written for falcon enthusiasts, raptor biologists, and even the casual reader interested in learning more about birds of prey. Haak and his collaborators summarize several local scientific studies of wintering and breeding Merlins and provide a thorough description of the three Merlin subspecies that occur in North America. These subspecies include the taiga Merlin (F. c. columbarius), the prairie or Richardson's Merlin (F. c. richardsonii), and the black Merlin (F. c. suckleyi). The book contains many wonderful color illustrations from numerous artists including Hans Peters, N. John Schmitt, and Carl Bass, as well as an assortment of color photographs attributed to the author and many contributors. Three chapters are written by coauthors and serve as strong additions to this collaborative work.The book begins with what the author describes as a personal challenge to back up his assertion that Merlins were relatively common in Idaho, and not a Species of Greatest Conservation Need as declared by the Idaho Department of Fish and Game in 2005. With this task in mind, Haak embarks on a journey to learn about Merlin breeding and wintering ecology in southwestern Idaho. To learn more, Haak connects with other researchers studying Merlins, primarily in the Pacific Northwest, some of whom form the Magical Merlins writing team.In Chapter 1 (Embracing the Species), Haak introduces us to his fortuitous collaboration with Dr. Leon Powers researching urban nesting accipiters; this collaboration led to the unexpected discovery that Merlins were occupying the same towns and cities in which the researchers were searching for Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) and Sharpshinned Hawks (A. striatus).

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Winter Occurrence of Three Merlin Subspecies in Southwestern Idaho, U.S.A

Cited by 2 publications

References 3 publications

Population genetics and phylogeography of North American Merlins (Falco columbarius) in thepost‐DDT era

Population genetics and phylogeography of North American Merlins (Falco columbarius) in thepost‐DDT era

Magical Merlins

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