Winter Use of Glyphosate-Treated Clearcuts by Moose in Maine

Eschholz, William E.; Servello, Frederick A.; Griffith, Brad; Raymond, Kevin S.; Krohn, William B.

doi:10.2307/3802375

Cited by 32 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This result is not surprising considering that those three models contained similar variables that broadly represented the availability and production of forage. Silvicultural treatment and disturbance history, which were both constituents of the best models, are important factors dictating the regrowth of deciduous shrubs used by moose during winter as forage (Crete 1988, Eschholz et al 1996, Rea and Gillingham 2001). Given that there are few territorial or social influences on the movements and aggregation of moose during this period, it is reasonable to expect a good correlation between forage availability and quality and moose distribution, up to some limiting density (Hobbs and Hanley 1990, Eklöv et al 1999, Westerberg and Wennergren 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can models of presence‐absence be used to scale abundance? Two case studies considering extremes in life history

Nielsen¹,

Johnson²,

Heard³

et al. 2005

Ecography

183

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Understanding patterns of species occurrence and abundance is a central theme of ecology, natural resource management, and conservation. Although occurrence models have been widely used for describing species distribution, particularly for rare species, abundance models are less common, despite greater information for conservation and management. Because presence-absence data are easier and less expensive to collect, predictions of abundance from patterns of occurrence could prove useful. We examined the relationship between occurrence and abundance for two species with very different life histories: bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum and moose Alces alces. We predicted that if occurrence and abundance were functionally related we should observe: 1) correlation between predicted probability of occurrence and observed abundance; 2) similar environmental covariates and estimated coefficients for occurrence models developed separately for low-density, high-density, and global data sites; and 3) parallel coefficients for the occurrence and abundance components of zero-inflated count models. Probability of occurrence was not correlated with abundance-when-present for bracken fern, while evidence for a relationship for moose was apparent at densities of animals below 7 individuals per cutblock. Coefficients for models at different levels of density did not vary significantly. However, once occurrence was accounted for, measured environmental data appeared less important in describing abundance. For bracken, covariates of zero-inflated count models differed in their expression of occurrence and abundance. Differences were less extreme for moose; however, results from the two-process models suggest that distribution and abundance may be a function of different processes. Environmental factors influencing abundance may differ from those limiting distribution. Life history, scale, site history, and sociocompetitive processes further help shape patterns of abundance. Two-stage modeling provides a powerful tool for describing animal and plant distribution where the processes of occurrence and abundance are influenced by different factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can models of presence‐absence be used to scale abundance? Two case studies considering extremes in life history

Nielsen¹,

Johnson²,

Heard³

et al. 2005

Ecography

183

180

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“…Browse quantity is consistently reduced shortly after conifer release with herbicides, but initial reductions often are compensated for by later increased browse availability in treated areas (Newton et al 1989). That result, added to the developing conifer cover, leads to extended periods of browse availability and increased area use by moose through time (Lautenschlager 1986(Lautenschlager , 1993Newton et al 1989;Eschholz et al 1996;Raymond et al 1996). Although studied less, deer also are expected to benefit from forest herbicide treatments that consistently increase herb abundance and availability shortly after treatment (Lautenschlager and Sullivan 2002).…”

Section: Recognize That Effects Of Herbicide Treatments On Browse Quamentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving research into effects of forest herbicide use on biota in northern ecosystems

Lautenschlager

Sullivan

2004

Wildlife Society Bulletin

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Studies of indirect effects of forest herbicide use on biota have improved dramatically during the last two decades, though further improvements are still needed. Based on our experience, we provide recommendations designed to ensure continued improvements to general field research, including forest herbicide‐wildlife research. Specifically, we suggest that researchers should: 1) use a combination of public concerns and existing scientific information to focus research efforts (i.e., the appropriate foundation for this type of research is social and ecological); 2) predict and test social and ecological consequences of herbicide and alternative treatments on components of concern in forested landscapes, using scales (time and space) that are operationally, ecologically, and socially meaningful; 3) understand the ecology of biotic components of interest and their interaction with other components in shared ecosystems; 4) determine the appropriate integrative currency so that a synthesis of effects on ecosystem or economic parameters can be developed; 5) document treatment delivery and consequences for plants targeted for suppression and for improved growth; and 6) appreciate that herbicides could hold the key to a variety of wildlife management and vegetation (habitat) restoration efforts.

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“…However, Kelly et al (1998) suggested that on some sites in northwestern Ontario, forage availability and habitat use reductions may continue through eight years after treatment. Eschholz et al (1996), and Raymond et al (1996), using a combination of designed and retrospective studies, reported that biomass of deciduous browse eaten by moose and habitat use during winter decreased soon after glyphosate release treatments, while seven to eleven years after treatment, availability increased in treated clearcuts. Raymond et al (1996), who found heavy browsing in older treated areas, concluded, as did Lautenschlager (1986Lautenschlager ( , 1993a and Newton et al (1989), that those areas were more attractive to moose than control areas.…”

Section: Raymond Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of herbicide treatments on biotic components in regenerating northern forests

Lautenschlager¹,

Sullivan²

2002

The Forestry Chronicle

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We reviewed literature, primarily since 1990, that documents effects of herbicide treatments on major biotic components in northern forested ecosystems. Vegetation changes are responsible for changes in all other biotic components. Non-conifer vegetation is commonly reduced for two to five years following broadcast herbicide treatments. Fungal components, however, seem relatively unaffected. Short-term vegetation reductions in cover, density, and related biomass, if they occur, are species and/or vegetation group specific; longer-term changes are linked to conifer stocking, site quality, and the ability of conifers to dominate treated sites. Herbicide treatments do not reduce, and may increase, stand-and landscape-level plant species richness. Those treatments seldom produce monocultures when used by foresters for boreal or boreal mixedwood management. The active ingredients in the herbicide products used in forestry in northern ecosystems have no direct effect on the general health (survival, growth, reproduction) of animals in treated areas. Specific, stand-level forest management practices, particularly effects of site preparation and conifer release, must be examined in relation to the landscape mosaic and the desired future forest conditions. At broad scales, across boreal and boreal mixedwood ecosystems, conifers have been consistently replaced by hardwoods since Europeans began harvesting timber from those ecosystems. Herbicides provide a safe, effective tool for restoring conifers in previously conifer-dominated ecosystems. Forest scientists presently have a reasonable understanding of effects of a variety of herbicide treatments on conifer growth and a variety of environmental components. However, they need to continually update that understanding relative to treatments (replicates, chemicals, combinations, or timing) that may be used in the future.Key words: amphibians, conifer release, deer, disturbance, environment, glyphosate, herbicides, invertebrates, landscape, moose, reptiles, site preparation, small mammals, songbirds, snowshoe hare, triclopyr, vegetation Nous avons révisé la littérature, principalement depuis 1990, qui documente les effets des traitements phytocides sur les principaux éléments biotiques dans les écosystèmes forestiers nordiques. Les modifications apportées à la végétation sont responsables des changements survenus chez tous les autres éléments biotiques. La végétation non-résineuse est habituellement réduite de deux à cinq ans suivant les traitements d'épandage généralisé de phytocides. Les composantes fongiques, cependant, ne semblent relativement pas affectées. Les réductions à court terme de la végétation au niveau du couvert, de la densité et de la biomasse impliquée, si tel est le cas, touchent spécifiquement certaines espèces ou groupe de plantes; les changements à long terme sont reliés au nombre de semis de résineux, la qualité de la station et la capacité des résineux à dominer dans les sites traités. Les traitements phytocides ne réduisent pas, et pourraient accroîtr...

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Winter Use of Glyphosate-Treated Clearcuts by Moose in Maine

Cited by 32 publications

References 12 publications

Can models of presence‐absence be used to scale abundance? Two case studies considering extremes in life history

Can models of presence‐absence be used to scale abundance? Two case studies considering extremes in life history

Improving research into effects of forest herbicide use on biota in northern ecosystems

Effects of herbicide treatments on biotic components in regenerating northern forests

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