Wintering Areas and Migration Characteristics of Swainson’s Hawks That Breed in the Central Valley of California

Abstract

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The utility of environmental DNA from sediment and water samples for recovery of observed plant and animal species from four Mojave Desert springs

“…Field surveys conducted at a single point in time are unlikely to provide a complete understanding of the use of springs by plants and animals (imperfect detection, MacKenzie, 2005), as many species that are dependent on these water resources visit springs infrequently (Rosenstock et al., 2004). For example, migratory birds use them as a stopover during a period of long‐distance migration (Airola et al., 2019; Baldassarre et al., 2019; Lavee & Safriel, 1989) and annual or ephemeral plants are only present seasonally when there is soil moisture (Bilbrough & Caldwell, 1997). There are also gaps in basic spring knowledge such as spring classification (e.g., identifying spring type, rheocrene, and limnocrenic, Springer et al., 2008; Stevens et al., 2020) and effective low‐cost monitoring methods that encompass all taxonomic groups of biodiversity.…”

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“…In California Swainson's Hawks appear to be diverging in behavior from populations elsewhere (Airola et al 2019, Battistone et al 2019. These be-havioral changes coincided with significant land-use change in the primary breeding range, which could have driven the species' adaptation to agriculture and human proximity.…”

Population and Distribution of Swainson’s Hawks (Buteo swainsoni) in California’s Great Valley: A Framework for Long-Term Monitoring

“…When designing our study, the intent was to design framework that could be applied to other special-status species as a means of assessing population health at similar spatial scales, with the recognition that application may vary somewhat based on species habitat, biology, and behavior. We focused on Swainson's Hawks because we recognized that populations in California's Great Valley are unusual in that they may represent a somewhat distinct portion of the larger North American Swainson's Hawk population (England et al 1995, Hull et al 2008, Airola et al 2019) and because understanding population trends over time is of great conservation importance.…”

“…The Swainson's Hawks of the Great Valley are distinctive in their range, migratory patterns, and genetics (England et al 1995, Hull et al 2008 (Bradbury 2001, Wheeler 2003, Airola et al 2019. The differentiation among microsatellite genotypes of Swainson's Hawk populations in the Great Valley of California, and populations in Great Basin, Great Plains, and southwestern deserts of North America suggest some level of gene separation among the populations (Hull et al 2008).…”

“…[Traducción del equipo editorial] Swainson's Hawks (Buteo swainsoni) breed in the western United States and Canada, and winter in isolated areas of California, Mexico, Central America, and South America as far south as Argentina (Bechard et al 2010, Kochert et al 2011. They arrive at their breeding sites in the Great Valley (otherwise known as the Central Valley) of California during March and April, and depart for their wintering grounds between mid-August and late September (Airola et al 2019 Anderson et al 2007).…”