Search citation statements
Paper Sections
Citation Types
Year Published
Publication Types
Relationship
Authors
Journals
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is increasingly being recognized as a favourable method for producing large-scale products. The microstructural evolution during the solidification of molten pool in WAAM is influenced by factors such as heat input and the deposited layer sequence. In this study, the impact of different layering sequences on grain growth, microstructure, and mechanical properties was investigated by depositing Inconel 825 alloy using gas metal arc welding. Different layering sequences were employed to minimize the development of columnar grains that typically outcome from oscillating beads and bead upon bead within a single layer. The unidirectional heat flow in conventional layering techniques encourages grain growth in the direction of the heat source, with grains forming at the fusion boundaries and growing upwards. At the interface between previously solidified beads and the liquid metal, nucleation and epitaxial grain growth occur, prominent to the formation of transverse columnar grains, with their size determined by the grain structure of the preceding layer. While traditional stacking sequences tend to produce columnar grains, a zigzag layering approach was found to refine grain growth by disrupting the direction of heat flow and grain development. This resulted in smaller, more fragmented grains, which enhanced the isotropic properties of the material. The study further demonstrated that the anisotropic behavior of wire arc additively manufactured components is closely related to grain growth direction and size, both of which are significantly influenced by the layering sequence. The zigzag layering sequence not only improved hardness and tensile strength compared to conventional layering methods but also enhanced the resolution and linearity of the deposited walls.
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is increasingly being recognized as a favourable method for producing large-scale products. The microstructural evolution during the solidification of molten pool in WAAM is influenced by factors such as heat input and the deposited layer sequence. In this study, the impact of different layering sequences on grain growth, microstructure, and mechanical properties was investigated by depositing Inconel 825 alloy using gas metal arc welding. Different layering sequences were employed to minimize the development of columnar grains that typically outcome from oscillating beads and bead upon bead within a single layer. The unidirectional heat flow in conventional layering techniques encourages grain growth in the direction of the heat source, with grains forming at the fusion boundaries and growing upwards. At the interface between previously solidified beads and the liquid metal, nucleation and epitaxial grain growth occur, prominent to the formation of transverse columnar grains, with their size determined by the grain structure of the preceding layer. While traditional stacking sequences tend to produce columnar grains, a zigzag layering approach was found to refine grain growth by disrupting the direction of heat flow and grain development. This resulted in smaller, more fragmented grains, which enhanced the isotropic properties of the material. The study further demonstrated that the anisotropic behavior of wire arc additively manufactured components is closely related to grain growth direction and size, both of which are significantly influenced by the layering sequence. The zigzag layering sequence not only improved hardness and tensile strength compared to conventional layering methods but also enhanced the resolution and linearity of the deposited walls.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.