Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing and Heat Treatment of Super Martensitic Stainless Steel with a Refined Microstructure and Excellent Mechanical Properties

Abstract

Due to the advantages of relatively low cost, increased energy efficiency, increased deposition rate, and the capacity to create medium to large scale components, wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has gained growing interest. Super martensitic stainless steel (SMSS) combines outstanding strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance, making it a great option for WAAM. In the present work, an SMSS component was successfully produced by WAAM. Additionally, the influence of post-manufactured heat treatment on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of SMSS components was systematically examined. A microstructural analysis of the as-printed and heat-treated samples revealed the formation of typical martensite and a small amount of retained austenite. However, the sample heat-treated by solutionizing at 1050 °C for 1 h followed by aging at 400 °C for 2 h exhibited a finer martensitic structure with an effective grain size of 5.6 μm compared to as-printed sample, leading to an increase in ultimate tensile strength from 1054 ± 6 MPa to 1141 ± 3 MPa with a concomitant increase in elongation from 7.8 ± 0.4% to 12.6 ± 0.2%. Additionally, the fracture morphology of the solution + aging sample demonstrated a more uniform distribution and greater mean size of dimples, indicating better ductility.

Heat Treatments for Minimization of Residual Stresses and Maximization of Tensile Strengths of Scalmalloy® Processed via Directed Energy Deposition

“…Many studies have explored the use of heat treatments to improve the properties of AM components and, depending on the material, could include a series of steps [ 8 , 9 ]. After exploring the literature, it is clear that multistep and single-step post-processing treatments have a place for material enhancement.…”

Influência Dos Parâmetros Do Processo De Manufatura Aditiva Por Deposição a Arco Em Pré-Formas De Aço Maraging

“…A manufatura aditiva por deposição a arco (MADA) é classificada na categoria de deposição direta de energia de acordo com ASTM F2792 [1], e é definida como a adaptação de técnicas de soldagem que utiliza um arco elétrico como fonte de calor e um fio de arame como matéria-prima. Segundo Bilmes et al (2001) [2] e Zou, Pan & Yi (2022) [3], a combinação de aço baixo carbono como o maraging com essa técnica de manufatura aditiva minimiza a formação de trincas e poros durante a fabricação. Entretanto, para cada equipamento e material envolvidos, diversos parâmetros devem ser escolhidos adequadamente.…”