Wire arc additive manufacturing of high-strength low alloy steels: study of process parameters and their influence on the bead geometry and mechanical characteristics

Yildiz, Ahmet; Davut, Kemal; Koc, Baris; Yilmaz, Oğuzhan

doi:10.1007/s00170-020-05482-9

Cited by 94 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Yildiz et al found that for WAAMfabricated ER120S-G steel the formation of martensite and bainite was more prominent in samples produced at low heat inputs (339 J/mm) with the highest proportion of martensite found in single-layer samples producing average hardness values of 400-450 Hv. Hardness values then decreased with increasing volume fractions of bainite and ferrite content to 340-370 Hv at higher heat inputs (500-620 J/mm) [9].…”

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confidence: 93%

“…Yildiz et al also demonstrated the capacity for travel speeds and wire feed speeds to not only influence bead geometry but properties of High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel deposits via changes to the calculated heat input as a function of travel speed, current and voltage. In their work, it was found that the heat input and hardness values measured upward from the substrate surface of samples were inversely proportional to each other in single-layer bead-on-plate depositions due to changes to the volume fraction of microstructural compositions [9]. Changes to the heat input in WAAM can impact the microstructure of components and consequently their properties, as well as the formation of defects, such as distortion.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Values obtained from the existing literature, which used steel welding wires, formed the basis for the selection of parameter ranges in this work [9,10,15,24,25]. It was found that in WAAM fabrication of steel components, the ranges of parameters had been used, but specific characterization and comparison of the process modes and processing parameters and their influence on component properties and geometry was limited.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Properties and Bead Geometry in MIG and CMT Single Layer Samples for WAAM Applications

Stinson

Ward

Quinn

et al. 2021

Metals

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The process of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) utilizes arc welding technology to fabricate metallic components by depositing material in a selective layered fashion. Several welding processes exist that can achieve this layered deposition strategy. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) derived processes are commonly favored for their high deposition rates (1–4 kg/h) and minimal torch reorientation required during deposition. A range of GMAW processes are available; all of which have different material transfer modes and thermal energy input ranges and the resultant metallic structures formed from these processes can vary in their mechanical properties and morphology. This work will investigate single-layer deposition and vary the process parameters and process mode to observe responses in mechanical properties, bead geometry and deposition rate. The process modes selected for this study were GMAW derived process of Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Cold Metal Transfer (CMT). Characterization of parameter sets revealed relationships between torch travel speeds, wire feed speeds and the specimen properties and proportions. Differences were observed in the cross-sectional bead geometry and deposition rates when comparing MIG and CMT samples though the influence of process mode on mechanical properties was less significant compared to process parameter selection.

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confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Properties and Bead Geometry in MIG and CMT Single Layer Samples for WAAM Applications

Stinson

Ward

Quinn

et al. 2021

Metals

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“…Ahmet et al 24 worked on high strength low alloy steels processed in WAAM. The effect of process parameters and hence heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties of single layer and multilayer depositions are investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of heat input on mechanical and microstructural properties of Inconel 625 depositions processed in wire arc additive manufacturing

Sarathchandra

Davidson

2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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Inconel 625 alloy resists corrosion, fatigue and wear at elevated temperatures and hence they are used in aerospace, chemical, petrochemical, marine, and other high-temperature applications. In the present study, single beads of Inconel 625 were deposited using the cold metal transfer (CMT) based wire arc deposition process. Seven heat input conditions were used to study the microstructure and mechanical characteristics. Microstructural characterization was done with optical and scanning electron microscopes while microhardness was measured using the Vickers microhardness testing method. It has been observed that the microstructure of the deposited beads consists of a columnar structure with primary dendrites. Also, intermetallic elements like Niobium (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo), and Laves were formed. It was also observed that the percentage of Nb and Mo increases with heat input. The microhardness increases with an increase in heat input and the maximum hardness was found to be 234.7 HV.

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“…In recent years, a number of advanced automation technologies have been proposed in the manufacturing field, such as automatic inspection [ 2 , 58 ], autonomous robots [ 16 , 26 , 60 ], additive manufacturing [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 62 , 67 ], ubiquitous manufacturing (UM) [ 11 , 39 , 61 ], cloud manufacturing [ 10 , 21 , 48 ], Internet of things (IoT) [ 54 , 55 ], cyber-physical systems [ 36 , 55 ], etc. As shown in Table 1 , some of these advanced automation technologies are designed to promote the cooperation between factories by sharing manufacturing resources, which is difficult amid the COVID-19 pandemic and may not help mitigate the impact, as illustrated in Table 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart and automation technologies for ensuring the long-term operation of a factory amid the COVID-19 pandemic: an evolving fuzzy assessment approach

Chen

Lin

2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted factories all over the world, which have been closed to avoid the spread of COVID-19. As a result, ensuring the long-term operation of a factory amid the COVID-19 pandemic becomes a critical but challenging task. To fulfill this task, the applications of smart and automation technologies have been regarded as an effective means. However, such applications are time-consuming and budget-intensive with varying effects and are not necessarily acceptable to workers. In order to make full use of limited resources and time, it is necessary to establish a systematic procedure for comparing various applications of smart and automation technologies. For this reason, an evolving fuzzy assessment approach is proposed. A case study has been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the evolving fuzzy assessment approach in ensuring the long-term operation of a factory amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing of high-strength low alloy steels: study of process parameters and their influence on the bead geometry and mechanical characteristics

Cited by 94 publications

References 36 publications

Comparison of Properties and Bead Geometry in MIG and CMT Single Layer Samples for WAAM Applications

Comparison of Properties and Bead Geometry in MIG and CMT Single Layer Samples for WAAM Applications

Effect of heat input on mechanical and microstructural properties of Inconel 625 depositions processed in wire arc additive manufacturing

Smart and automation technologies for ensuring the long-term operation of a factory amid the COVID-19 pandemic: an evolving fuzzy assessment approach

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