“…Most current research efforts in VSPs concentrate on conventional fuel buses, such as the scheduling problem overview (Adler, 2014;Bunte & Kliewer, 2009;Ceder, 2002;Laporte, 2009;Meng & Qu, 2013;H. Wang & Shen, 2007; S. Wang et al, 2018), the multiple depot VSPs (Hadjar et al, 2006), vehicle scheduling with multi-vehicle types (Ceder, 2011), vehicle and crew scheduling problem (Amberg et al, 2019;Kliewer et al, 2012), integrated approach to timetabling and vehicle scheduling (Ibarra-Rojas et al, 2014;Schmid & Ehmke, 2015), dynamic control method (Bie et al, 2020;Khan et al, 2019;M. Li et al, 2011;Xie & Jiang, 2016), reliability of trip times (Liu et al, 2013;Naumann et al, 2011;Shen et al, 2017), and other intelligent transportation systems (Adeli & Ghosh-Dastidar, 2004;Adeli & Jiang, 2009;Gao et al, 2020Gao et al, , 2021Ghosh-Dastidar & Adeli, 2006;X.…”