“…10 By chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, dip-and spin-coating from a liquid phase, hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical deposition, electrochromic materials are traditionally deposited on transparent conducting layers to fabricate electrochromic layers. 11,12 Among these methods, electrochemical deposition has the benets of costing less and being easily prepared, and has been applied in energy catalysis, 13 batteries, 14 sensors, 15,16 and so on. The structure could be simply controlled by changing deposition parameters, i.e., solution composition, electrochemical methods, and applied voltage/current, whereas the electrochromic performance of the lms prepared by electrochemical deposition should be further improved due to the presence of surface defects, such as microcracks, detachment, irregular burrs on the surface and rough surfaces.…”