Wireless smart shoe for gait analysis with automated thresholding using PSO

Pinkam, Nantawat; Nilkhamhang, Itthisek

doi:10.1109/ecticon.2013.6559605

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…To overcome such disadvantages, various studies have attempted to enhance the accuracy of gait phase classification by simultaneously using multiple sensors to minimize the effect of shuffling. However, such efforts enhanced the complexity of the device or system, resulting in reduced usability [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of Standing and Walking States Using Ground Reaction Forces

Park

Koo

Kim

2021

Sensors

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The operation of wearable robots, such as gait rehabilitation robots, requires real-time classification of the standing or walking state of the wearer. This report explains a technique that measures the ground reaction force (GRF) using an insole device equipped with force sensing resistors, and detects whether the insole wearer is standing or walking based on the measured results. The technique developed in the present study uses the waveform length that represents the sum of the changes in the center of pressure within an arbitrary time window as the determining factor, and applies this factor to a conventional threshold method and an artificial neural network (ANN) model for classification of the standing and walking states. The results showed that applying the newly developed technique could significantly reduce classification errors due to shuffling movements of the patient, typically noticed in the conventional threshold method using GRF, i.e., real-time classification of the standing and walking states is possible in the ANN model. The insole device used in the present study can be applied not only to gait analysis systems used in wearable robot operations, but also as a device for remotely monitoring the activities of daily living of the wearer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of Standing and Walking States Using Ground Reaction Forces

Park

Koo

Kim

2021

Sensors

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“…Various investigators have used shoes embedded with multiple Force Sensitive Resistors (FSRs) located at different positions under the feet region to sense the pressure profile below one's foot [17][18] and quantify gait of individuals. For example, in one of the studies [19], insoles embedded with force sensors positioned under the toe, metatarsal, and heel regions were used to identify the gait disturbance of twelve individuals with PD while walking along a pathway that needed them to start and stop walk, navigate turns and walkthrough doorways of different widths.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of SmartWalk for Estimating Implication of Pathway With Turn and Task Condition on Postural and Gait Indices: Relevance to Fear of Fall

Pallavi

Jariwala

Patel

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng.

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Fear of Fall (FoF) is often associated with postural and gait abnormalities leading to decreased mobility in individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD). The variability in knee flexion (postural index) during heel-strike and toe-off events while walking can be related to one's FoF. Depending on the progression of the disease, gait abnormality can be manifested as start/turn/stop hesitation, etc. adversely affecting one's cadence along with an inability to transfer weight from one leg to the other. Also, task demands can have implications on one's gait and posture. Given that individuals with PD often suffer from FoF and their dynamic balance is affected by task conditions and pathways, in-depth investigation is warranted to understand the implications of task condition and pathways on one's gait and posture. This necessitates use of portable, wearable device that can capture one's gait-related indices and knee flexion in freeliving conditions. Here, we have designed a portable, wearable and cost-effective device (SmartWalk) comprising of instrumented Shoes integrated with knee flexion recorder units. Results of our study with age-matched groups of healthy individuals (GrpH) and those with PD (GrpPD) showed the potential of SmartWalk to estimate the implication of task condition, pathways (with and without turn) and pathway segments (straight and turn) on one's knee flexion and gait with relevance to FoF. The knee flexion and gait-related indices were found to strongly corroborate with clinical measure related to FoF, particularly for GrpPD, serving as pre-clinical inputs for clinicians.

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“…To overcome such issues, researchers have been exploring the use of portable force sensors (Hanlon and Anderson, 2009) such as Force Sensitive Resistors (FSRs) to detect one's gait events and measure gait-related indices. For example, different researchers have used multiple FSRs located at different positions under one's feet (Pinkam and Nilkhamhang, 2013) to characterize one's gait. Usage of multiple FSRs though lends improved precision of measurements, yet it increases the hardware complexity along with difficulty in troubleshooting making it infeasible for practical applications.…”

Section: Smartwalk -Its Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Implication of Pathway Turn and Task Condition on Gait Quantified Using SmartWalk: Changes With Age and Parkinson’s Disease With Relevance to Postural Strategy and Risk of Fall

et al. 2022

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One’s gait can be affected by aging, pathway with turns, task demands, etc., causing changes in gait-related indices and knee flexion (influencing posture). Walking on pathways with turns threatens stability, affecting one’s gait-related indices and posture. The ability to overcome such deficits is compromised with age and neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson’s Disease (PD) leading to falls. Also, task demands imposed by single and dual-task (e.g., counting backward while walking) conditions affect the gait of individuals using different postural strategies varying with age and neurological disorder. Existing research has investigated either the effect of the pathway with turn or task condition on one’s gait. However, none (to our knowledge) have explored the differentiated implications of the pathway with turn and task conditions on one’s gait-related indices and knee flexion while walking. Our study had two phases with 30 participants. Phase 1 had healthy adults (young and old) and Phase 2 had age and gender-matched healthy elderly and individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) who walked on pathways having turns under single and dual-task conditions. We analysed gait in terms of (i) gait-related indices (Phases 1 and 2) and (ii) knee flexion (Phase 2). Also, we analysed one’s counting performance during dual task. One’s gait-related indices and knee flexion were measured using a portable gait quantifier. The aim was to (i)understand whether both pathways with turn and task conditions are equally effective in affecting the gait of (a)individuals of varying ages and (b) gender-matched healthy older adults and individuals with PD, (ii)study variations of knee joint angles while walking on pathways having turns (under different task conditions) in terms of its clinical relevance, and (iii) explore the implication of pathway with turn on counting performance (with relevance to postural strategy) with varying age and PD. Results indicated that for the younger group, the task condition caused statistical variations in gait-related indices. For the older group, both pathways with turn and task conditions had statistical implications on gait-related indices. Additionally, individuals with PD demonstrated a higher variation in knee flexion than their healthy counterparts. Again, pathways with varying turns elicited variations in counting performance indicating different postural strategies being employed by the three groups.

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Wireless smart shoe for gait analysis with automated thresholding using PSO

Cited by 13 publications

References 6 publications

Classification of Standing and Walking States Using Ground Reaction Forces

Classification of Standing and Walking States Using Ground Reaction Forces

Design of SmartWalk for Estimating Implication of Pathway With Turn and Task Condition on Postural and Gait Indices: Relevance to Fear of Fall

The Implication of Pathway Turn and Task Condition on Gait Quantified Using SmartWalk: Changes With Age and Parkinson’s Disease With Relevance to Postural Strategy and Risk of Fall

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