mm. The plots show the entire axial force versus pressure data obtained from the F/T transducer. The markers are only added for visibility and identification of the different actuator configurations. The legend markers signify the nominal ∆L and θ. . . . . . . . 3.8 Axial forces vs air inlet pressure for elongated actuator lengths. (a) Axial forces for different orientation angles when nominal ∆L = 1 mm, (b) Axial forces for different orientation angles when nominal ∆L = 2 mm. The plots show the entire axial force versus pressure data obtained from the F/T transducer. The markers are only added for visibility and identification of the different actuator configurations. The legend markers signify the nominal ∆L and θ. . . . . . . . 3.9 Shear forces vs air inlet pressure for compressed actuator lengths. (a) Shear forces for different orientation angles when nominal ∆L = −1 mm, (b) Shear forces for different orientation angles when nominal ∆L = −2 mm. The plots show the entire shear force versus pressure data obtained from the F/T transducer. The markers are only added for visibility and identification of the different actuator configurations. The legend markers signify the nominal ∆L and θ. . . . . . . . 3.10 Shear forces vs air inlet pressure for elongated actuator lengths. (a) Shear forces for different orientation angles when nominal ∆L = 1 mm, (b) Shear forces for different orientation angles when nominal ∆L = 2 mm. The plots show the entire shear force versus pressure data obtained from the F/T transducer. The markers are only added for visibility and identification of the different actuator configurations. The legend markers signify the nominal ∆L and θ. . . . . . . .