Wirksamkeit von Umweltzonen in der ersten Stufe: Analyse der Feinstaubkonzentrationsänderungen (PM10) in 19 deutschen Städten

Morfeld, Peter; Groneberg, David A.; Spallek, Michael

doi:10.1055/s-0033-1359180

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Beyond that, this result is in good accordance to the effectiveness of LEZs on the reduction of PM 10 , too [32]. As predicted [33], long-term compliance problems with ambient air NO 2 concentrations should be expected even if LEZs were introduced or enlarged for the purpose of NO 2 reductions in cities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…We analysed PM 10 concentrations additionally [32] from 19 German LEZs. From about 2005 until the end of 2009 continuous half-hour measurement values as well as gravimetrically determined daily measurements of PM 10 were collected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LEZ concept was extended and it was assumed that LEZs are an effective measure not only to lower PM10 dust levels but also to reduce NO2 concentrations [6], [29]. There are indications that LEZs may indeed reduce NOx concentrations effectively [30]–[32], but ozone has to be considered a confounder in NO2 measurements [e. g. 33], and the gases NO and NO2 rapidly interconvert, too [34]. Furthermore, national emission ceilings were defined for NOx, i.e., the sum of NO2 and NO [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of Low Emission Zones: Large Scale Analysis of Changes in Environmental NO2, NO and NOx Concentrations in 17 German Cities

2014

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BackgroundLow Emission Zones (LEZs) are areas where the most polluting vehicles are restricted from entering. The effectiveness of LEZs to lower ambient exposures is under debate. This study focused on LEZs that restricted cars of Euro 1 standard without appropriate retrofitting systems from entering and estimated LEZ effects on NO2, NO, and NOx ( = NO2+NO).MethodsContinuous half-hour and diffuse sampler 4-week average NO2, NO, and NOx concentrations measured inside and outside LEZs in 17 German cities of 6 federal states (2005–2009) were analysed as matched quadruplets (two pairs of simultaneously measured index values inside LEZ and reference values outside LEZ, one pair measured before and one after introducing LEZs with time differences that equal multiples of 364 days) by multiple linear and log-linear fixed-effects regression modelling (covariables: e.g., wind velocity, amount of precipitation, height of inversion base, school holidays, truck-free periods). Additionally, the continuous half-hour data was collapsed into 4-week averages and pooled with the diffuse sampler data to perform joint analysis.ResultsMore than 3,000,000 quadruplets of continuous measurements (half-hour averages) were identified at 38 index and 45 reference stations. Pooling with diffuse sampler data from 15 index and 10 reference stations lead to more than 4,000 quadruplets for joint analyses of 4-week averages. Mean LEZ effects on NO2, NO, and NOx concentrations (reductions) were estimated to be at most −2 µg/m3 (or −4%). The 4-week averages of NO2 concentrations at index stations after LEZ introduction were 55 µg/m3 (median and mean values) or 82 µg/m3 (95th percentile).ConclusionsThis is the first study investigating comprehensively the effectiveness of LEZs to reduce NO2, NO, and NOx concentrations controlling for most relevant potential confounders. Our analyses indicate that there is a statistically significant, but rather small reduction of NO2, NO, and NOx concentrations associated with LEZs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of Low Emission Zones: Large Scale Analysis of Changes in Environmental NO2, NO and NOx Concentrations in 17 German Cities

2014

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“…Across Europe, about 200 LEZs are now in operation, with others in use in Asia, including Singapore and Tokyo. Despite the widespread application of LEZs to improve air quality, evidence that LEZs reduce pollutant concentrations or improve health is scarce 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Holman and colleagues 26 concluded that LEZs in operation in European countries had inconsistent effects on PM 10 and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of London's low emission zone on air quality and children's respiratory health: a sequential annual cross-sectional study

Mudway

Dundas

Wood

et al. 2019

The Lancet Public Health

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SummaryBackgroundLow emission zones (LEZ) are an increasingly common, but unevaluated, intervention aimed at improving urban air quality and public health. We investigated the impact of London's LEZ on air quality and children's respiratory health.MethodsWe did a sequential annual cross-sectional study of 2164 children aged 8–9 years attending primary schools between 2009–10 and 2013–14 in central London, UK, following the introduction of London's LEZ in February, 2008. We examined the association between modelled pollutant exposures of nitrogen oxides (including nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) and particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5) and less than 10 μm (PM10) and lung function: postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1, primary outcome), forced vital capacity (FVC), and respiratory or allergic symptoms. We assigned annual exposures by each child's home and school address, as well as spatially resolved estimates for the 3 h (0600–0900 h), 24 h, and 7 days before each child's assessment, to isolate long-term from short-term effects.FindingsThe percentage of children living at addresses exceeding the EU limit value for annual NO2 (40 μg/m3) fell from 99% (444/450) in 2009 to 34% (150/441) in 2013. Over this period, we identified a reduction in NO2 at both roadside (median −1·35 μg/m3 per year; 95% CI −2·09 to −0·61; p=0·0004) and background locations (−0·97; −1·56 to −0·38; p=0·0013), but not for PM10. The effect on PM2·5 was equivocal. We found no association between postbronchodilator FEV1 and annual residential pollutant attributions. By contrast, FVC was inversely correlated with annual NO2 (−0·0023 L/μg per m3; −0·0044 to −0·0002; p=0·033) and PM10 (−0·0090 L/μg per m3; −0·0175 to −0·0005; p=0·038).InterpretationWithin London's LEZ, a smaller lung volume in children was associated with higher annual air pollutant exposures. We found no evidence of a reduction in the proportion of children with small lungs over this period, despite small improvements in air quality in highly polluted urban areas during the implementation of London's LEZ. Interventions that deliver larger reductions in emissions might yield improvements in children's health.FundingNational Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and King's College London, NHS Hackney, Lee Him donation, and Felicity Wilde Charitable Trust.

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“…Low emission zones (LEZs)—areas or roads where the most polluting vehicles are restricted—have been introduced in many European cities to help meet these standards. The established associations between environmental particulate exposure and cardiac diseases and mortality served as drivers for these regulations, although the effectiveness of these measures to reduce exposures or disease has yet to be demonstrated [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-Analysis of Cardiac Mortality in Three Cohorts of Carbon Black Production Workers

Morfeld

Mundt

Dell

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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Epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between airborne environmental particle exposure and cardiac disease and mortality; however, few have examined such effects from poorly soluble particles of low toxicity such as manufactured carbon black (CB) particles in the work place. We combined standardised mortality ratio (SMR) and Cox proportional hazards results from cohort studies of US, UK and German CB production workers. Under a common protocol, we analysed mortality from all causes, heart disease (HD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Fixed and random effects (RE) meta-regression models were fit for employment duration, and for overall cumulative and lugged quantitative CB exposure estimates. Full cohort meta-SMRs (RE) were 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79–1.29) for HD; 1.02 (95% CI 0.80–1.30) for IHD, and 1.08 (95% CI 0.74–1.59) for AMI mortality. For all three outcomes, meta-SMRs were heterogeneous, increased with time since first and time since last exposure, and peaked after 25–29 or 10–14 years, respectively. Meta-Cox coefficients showed no association with lugged duration of exposure. A small but imprecise increased AMI mortality risk was suggested for cumulative exposure (RE-hazards ratio (HR) = 1.10 per 100 mg/m3-years; 95% CI 0.92–1.31), but not for lugged exposures. Our results do not demonstrate that airborne CB exposure increases all-cause or cardiac disease mortality.

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Wirksamkeit von Umweltzonen in der ersten Stufe: Analyse der Feinstaubkonzentrationsänderungen (PM10) in 19 deutschen Städten

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Effectiveness of Low Emission Zones: Large Scale Analysis of Changes in Environmental NO2, NO and NOx Concentrations in 17 German Cities

Effectiveness of Low Emission Zones: Large Scale Analysis of Changes in Environmental NO2, NO and NOx Concentrations in 17 German Cities

Impact of London's low emission zone on air quality and children's respiratory health: a sequential annual cross-sectional study

Meta-Analysis of Cardiac Mortality in Three Cohorts of Carbon Black Production Workers

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