With long hours of work, might depression then lurk? A nationwide prospective follow-up study among Danish senior medical consultants

Varma, Anshu; Marott, Jacob Louis; Stoltenberg, Christian; Wieclaw, Joanna; Kolstad, Henrik A; Bonde, Jens Peter

doi:10.5271/sjweh.3268

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Inconsistencies between studies might originate from small sample sizes, study subjects that are limited to specific organizations or occupations, cross-sectional study designs, or various methods for evaluating working hours or depression (13)(14)(15).…”

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confidence: 99%

Working hours and depressive symptomatology among full-time employees: Results from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2009)

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Lim³

et al. 2013

Scand J Work Environ Health

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We found an association between long working hours and depressive symptomatology. The full-time employees who worked long hours showed higher prevalence of depressive symptomatology after the data were adjusted for individual characteristics, socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and work schedules. Affiliation 515Original article Scand J Work Environ Health. 2013;39(5):515-520. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3356 Working hours and depressive symptomatology among full-time employees: Results from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007Survey ( -2009 Objective This study aimed to examine the distribution of working hours and the association between working hours and depressive symptomatology using representative data from a national, population-based survey. Method Data came from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009),which employed a systematic, stratified cluster-sampling method. We used logistic regression procedures to estimate the importance of weekly working hours as a predictor of depressive symptomatology. ResultsThe prevalence of depressive symptomatology was 10.2%. The work week, which averaged 48.3 hours for the sample as a whole, was longer for men (49.8 hours) than women (45.3 hours), and 12.1% of respondents were engaged in shift work. In logistic regression analyses, compared to those working <52 hours per week, the odds ratios (OR) of working hours as a predictor of depressive symptomatology were 1.19 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.77-1.85] for those working 52-59 hours per week and 1.62 (95% CI 1.20-2.18) for those working ≥60 hours per week, after adjustment for demographic characteristics, health behaviors, socioeconomic status, employment status, and work schedules. It showed a positive dose-response relationship between working hours and depressive symptomatology (P=0.0059).Conclusions Working hours in Korea are long. There is an association between working hours and depressive symptomatology, and there seems be a trend in working hours and depressive symptomatology.

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confidence: 99%

Working hours and depressive symptomatology among full-time employees: Results from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2009)

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Lim³

et al. 2013

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…Three other studies, one of which is of high quality, did not find an association between depression or mood disorders and LWH. Varma et al 49 did not find higher adjusted risks of depression associated with increased number of hours in senior medical consultants, even when they worked for more than 60 h/week. Depression or mood disorders measured with GHQ-12, Symptom Checklist Depression Scale (SCLDS) or Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), all validated tools for mental health, were not associated with increased number of working hours42 nor improved after decreasing the number of hours from 90–110 to 78–80 h/week in residents 47…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Five had been carried out in North America (four in the USA40 41 43 47 and one in Canada50), five in European countries (Denmark,49 Germany,45 Norway and Germany,43 Sweden48 and the UK42) and one study in Japan 44. Four used a prospective cohort design (follow-up ranging from 6 to 20 months), two were case-crossover, four cross-sectional and one was a before and after study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One paper studied the effects of an increasing number of hours from 30 to more than 50 h/week 44. Others studied more than 40,49 4748 and above 58 h/week46 (two studies), and six studies referred to more than 70 h/week,40–43 47 50 one of which compared 78–80 h/week with 90–110 weekly hours 47. Information on working hours was self-reported in nine studies, with reasonably good validity only in two studies40 41 and reliability in one 43.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information was self-reported in all studies using well-known validated questionnaires, except three studies that used documented information on motor vehicle crashes,40 reported percutaneous injuries42 and antidepressant prescription data as a surrogate of depression 49…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European Working Time Directive and doctors’ health: a systematic review of the available epidemiological evidence

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveTo summarise the available scientific evidence on the health effects of exposure to working beyond the limit number of hours established by the European Working Time Directive (EWTD) on physicians.DesignA systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE. Study selection, quality appraisal and data extraction were carried out by independent pairs of researchers using pre-established criteria.SettingPhysicians of any medical, surgical or community specialty, working in any possible setting (hospitals, primary healthcare, etc), as well as trainees, residents, junior house officers or postgraduate interns, were included.ParticipantsThe total number of participants was 14 338.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHealth effects classified under the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).ResultsOver 3000 citations and 110 full articles were reviewed. From these, 11 studies of high or intermediate quality carried out in North America, Europe and Japan met the inclusion criteria. Six studies included medical residents, junior doctors or house officers and the five others included medical specialists or consultants, medical, dental, and general practitioners and hospital physicians. Evidence of an association was found between percutaneous injuries and road traffic accidents with extended long working hours (LWH)/days or very LWH/weeks. The evidence was insufficient for mood disorders and general health. No studies on other health outcomes were identified.ConclusionsLWH could increase the risk of percutaneous injuries and road traffic accidents, and possibly other incidents at work through the same pathway. While associations are clear, the existing evidence does not allow for an established causal or ‘dose–response’ relationship between LWH and incidents at work, or for a threshold number of extended hours above which there is a significantly higher risk and the hours physicians could work and remain safe and healthy. Policymakers should consider safety issues when working on relaxing EWTD for doctors.

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Working hours and depressive symptoms over 7 years: evidence from a Korean panel study

Ahn

2017

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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With long hours of work, might depression then lurk? A nationwide prospective follow-up study among Danish senior medical consultants

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Working hours and depressive symptomatology among full-time employees: Results from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2009)

Working hours and depressive symptomatology among full-time employees: Results from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2009)

European Working Time Directive and doctors’ health: a systematic review of the available epidemiological evidence

Working hours and depressive symptoms over 7 years: evidence from a Korean panel study

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