WITHDRAWN: Bioengineering of Neem Colloidal Nano-Emulsion Formulation With Adjuvant for Better Surface Adhesion and Long Term Activity in Insect Control

Abstract

Although safe and eco-friendly botanical pesticides have been intensively promoted to combat pest attacks in agriculture, but their stability and activities remain an issue for their wide acceptability as sustained and effective approaches. The purpose of this work was to develop stable neem oil based nano-emulsion (NE) formulation with enhanced activity employing suitable bio-inspired adjuvant. So, Neem NEs (with and without) natural adjuvant (lemongrass oil and Prosopis juliflora) were prepared and different parameters dictating kinetic stability, acidity/alkalinity, viscosity, droplet size, zeta potential, surface tension, stability and compatibility were monitored using Viscometer, Zetasizer, Surface Tensiometer, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Nano-emulsion biosynthesis optimization studies suggested that slightly acidic (5.9-6.5) NE is kinetically stable with no phase separation; creaming or crystallization may be due to botanical adjuvant (lemongrass oil). Findings proved that Prosopis juliflora, acted as bio-polymeric adjuvant to stabilize NE by increasing Brownian motion and weakening the attractive forces with smaller droplets (25-50nm), low zeta potential (-30mV) and poly-dispersive index (<0.3). Botanical adjuvant based NE with optimum viscosity (98.8cPs) can give long term storage stability and improved adhesiveness and wetting with reduced surface tension and contact angle. FT-IR analysis assured azadirachtin’s stability and compatibility with adjuvant. With negligible degradation (1.42%) and higher half-life (t1/2) of 492.95 days, natural adjuvant based NE is substantially stable formulation may be due to presence of glycosidic and phenolics compounds. Neem 20NE (with adjuvant) remarkably exhibited insecticidal activity (91.24%) against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci G.) in brinjal (Solanum melongena) as evidenced by in-vivo assay. Results thus obtained suggest, this bio-pesticide formulation may be used as safer alternative to chemical pesticides to minimize pesticide residue problems and natural adjuvant as key input in stability and efficacy enhancement of pesticides for crop protection in organic agriculture and Integrated Pest Management also.