WITHDRAWN: Molecular Characteristics of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Appealing Source for Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2012.04.021. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.

New Frontiers in Regenerative Medicine in Cardiology: The Potential of Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Cardioprotection induced by BM-MSCs and ASCs seems to be related also to hypoxia condition and reduced both senescence [58] and apoptosis due to the release of VEGF and IGF-1 [59]. In parallel, the oxidative stress resulting after cardiac injury may play an important role on the prevention of apoptosis, perhaps by expression of specific receptors on BM-MSCs, such as Tolllike receptor 4 (TLR-4) (reviewed in [60]). BM-MSCs are able to differentiate in vitro towards adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes, after treatment with tissue-specific growth factor-supplied culture media [61].…”

“…BM-MSCs are able to differentiate in vitro towards adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes, after treatment with tissue-specific growth factor-supplied culture media [61]. As summarized by Pourrajab and co-workers, it was also supposed that the mechanisms by which BM-MSCs can reach the site of injury and exert their regulation in cardioprotection is related to the modification of extracellular matrix (ECM) under the stressed cardiac cells releasing of proteinases, such as metalloproteinases (MMPs), on the different collagen molecules [60]. MMPs constitute a broad family of extracellular proteinases which are involved in the development, function and pathogensis of several tissues and organs [62][63][64] as well as in immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells (reviewd in [65]).…”

“…MMPs constitute a broad family of extracellular proteinases which are involved in the development, function and pathogensis of several tissues and organs [62][63][64] as well as in immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells (reviewd in [65]). ECM fragments seem to be involved in BM-MSCs chemotaxis and were also associated to the subsequent downregulation of collagen synthesis by resident cardiac fibroblasts [60]. Remodelling of ECM and its alterations exerted by MMPs under stress conditions may critically affect microenvironmental influence on adult cardiac progenitor cells and cardiac regeneration potential [66].…”