WITHDRAWN: Tumor microenvironment: A review

Singh, Shivani; Kaur, Harshaminder

doi:10.1016/j.ajoms.2012.12.011

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…In fact, it is possible to observe the establishment of direct tight connections between both cell types due to the long filopodium‐like structures formed, which play an essential role in tumor cells behavior, under in vitro or in vivo conditions (Fletcher and Mullins, ; Mehta et al, ). In addition, the immunocytochemistry images presented in Figure demonstrate cell–cell adhesion in MCTS, since the presence of adherens junctions, namely those based on E‐cadherins was visualized (Singh and Kaur, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Optimization of liquid overlay technique to formulate heterogenic 3D co‐cultures models

Costa

Gaspar

Coutinho

et al. 2014

Biotech & Bioengineering

134

120

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Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models of solid tumors are currently having a tremendous impact in the in vitro screening of candidate anti-tumoral therapies. These 3D models provide more reliable results than those provided by standard 2D in vitro cell cultures. However, 3D manufacturing techniques need to be further optimized in order to increase the robustness of these models and provide data that can be properly correlated with the in vivo situation. Therefore, in the present study the parameters used for producing multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) by liquid overlay technique (LOT) were optimized in order to produce heterogeneous cellular agglomerates comprised of cancer cells and stromal cells, during long periods. Spheroids were produced under highly controlled conditions, namely: (i) agarose coatings; (ii) horizontal stirring, and (iii) a known initial cell number. The simultaneous optimization of these parameters promoted the assembly of 3D characteristic cellular organization similar to that found in the in vivo solid tumors. Such improvements in the LOT technique promoted the assembly of highly reproducible, individual 3D spheroids, with a low cost of production and that can be used for future in vitro drug screening assays.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Optimization of liquid overlay technique to formulate heterogenic 3D co‐cultures models

Costa

Gaspar

Coutinho

et al. 2014

Biotech & Bioengineering

134

120

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“…The proliferative cells are highly vascularized, unorganized and discontinuous resulting in enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect widely exploited for passive targeting. The major factors contributing to tumor progression and metastasis, enhanced drug resistance, poor prognosis, and response to therapies includes cell mobility, survival potential, capacity to degrade extracellular tissue matrix, and ability to adjust in new tissue environment (Otranto et al, 2012 ; Singh and Kaur, in press ). All solid tumor microenvironment possess the following characteristics (Milane et al, 2011 ) (Table 2 ) (a) leaky and unorganized tumor vasculature (b) hypoxia region (c) up-regulation of oncogenes (d) DNA repair mechanisms (e) down regulation of tumor suppressors and cell cycle regulation (f) increased growth factor receptors (g) low nutrients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All solid tumor microenvironment possess the following characteristics (Milane et al, 2011 ) (Table 2 ) (a) leaky and unorganized tumor vasculature (b) hypoxia region (c) up-regulation of oncogenes (d) DNA repair mechanisms (e) down regulation of tumor suppressors and cell cycle regulation (f) increased growth factor receptors (g) low nutrients. Tumor microenvironment significantly contributes to drug resistance by reducing drug accessibility to tumor cells and reduces the oxygen radicals generated by antitumor drugs (Otranto et al, 2012 ; Singh and Kaur, in press ). Hypoxia and acidity with low nutrient levels remains the two key factors characterizing tumor microenvironment (Schornack and Gillies, 2003 ; Wouters et al, 2003 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodrug delivery in reversing multidrug resistance in cancer cells

et al. 2014

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Different mechanisms in cancer cells become resistant to one or more chemotherapeutics is known as multidrug resistance (MDR) which hinders chemotherapy efficacy. Potential factors for MDR includes enhanced drug detoxification, decreased drug uptake, increased intracellular nucleophiles levels, enhanced repair of drug induced DNA damage, overexpression of drug transporter such as P-glycoprotein(P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1, MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Currently nanoassemblies such as polymeric/solid lipid/inorganic/metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles has emerged as an innovative, effective, and promising platforms for treatment of drug resistant cancer cells. Nanocarriers have potential to improve drug therapeutic index, ability for multifunctionality, divert ABC-transporter mediated drug efflux mechanism and selective targeting to tumor cells, cancer stem cells, tumor initiating cells, or cancer microenvironment. Selective nanocarrier targeting to tumor overcomes dose-limiting side effects, lack of selectivity, tissue toxicity, limited drug access to tumor tissues, high drug doses, and emergence of multiple drug resistance with conventional or combination chemotherapy. Current review highlights various nanodrug delivery systems to overcome mechanism of MDR by neutralizing, evading, or exploiting the drug efflux pumps and those independent of drug efflux pump mechanism by silencing Bcl-2 and HIF1α gene expressions by siRNA and miRNA, modulating ceramide levels and targeting NF-κB. “Theragnostics” combining a cytotoxic agent, targeting moiety, chemosensitizing agent, and diagnostic imaging aid are highlighted as effective and innovative systems for tumor localization and overcoming MDR. Physical approaches such as combination of drug with thermal/ultrasound/photodynamic therapies to overcome MDR are focused. The review focuses on newer drug delivery systems developed to overcome MDR in cancer cell.

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“…There is much cross-talk among the cells (mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, and tumor cells) and reciprocal behavior alterations. 5 This experiment could be strengthened by addressing the transcriptional or cytokine profile of the mesenchymal stem cells' changes after exposure to the MCF7 tumor cells because the subject of the study is interactions between mesenchymal stem cells and MCF7.…”

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confidence: 99%

Discussion

Rodriguez¹

2013

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

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WITHDRAWN: Tumor microenvironment: A review

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

Optimization of liquid overlay technique to formulate heterogenic 3D co‐cultures models

Optimization of liquid overlay technique to formulate heterogenic 3D co‐cultures models

Nanodrug delivery in reversing multidrug resistance in cancer cells

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