Within-host competitive interactions as a mechanism for the maintenance of parasite diversity

Bashey, Farrah

doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0301

Cited by 85 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…, Edwards and Stachowicz , Castorani et al. , Bashey ), and are often invoked in maintaining coexistence, as well as in successional dynamics (Hastings , Tilman , , Rees et al. , Bergsten et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of competition – colonization tradeoffs and spatial heterogeneity in promoting trematode coexistence

Mordecai

Jaramillo

Ashford

et al. 2016

Ecology

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Competition - colonization tradeoffs occur in many systems, and theory predicts that they can strongly promote species coexistence. However, there is little empirical evidence that observed competition - colonization tradeoffs are strong enough to maintain diversity in natural systems. This is due in part to a mismatch between theoretical assumptions and biological reality in some systems. We tested whether a competition - colonization tradeoff explains how a diverse trematode guild coexists in California horn snail populations, a system that meets the requisite criteria for the tradeoff to promote coexistence. A field experiment showed that subordinate trematode species tended to have higher colonization rates than dominant species. This tradeoff promoted coexistence in parameterized models but did not fully explain trematode diversity and abundance, suggesting a role of additional diversity maintenance mechanisms. Spatial heterogeneity is an alternative way to promote coexistence if it isolates competing species. We used scale transition theory to expand the competition - colonization tradeoff model to include spatial variation. The parameterized model showed that spatial variation in trematode prevalence did not isolate most species sufficiently to explain the overall high diversity, but could benefit some rare species. Together, the results suggest that several mechanisms combine to maintain diversity, even when a competition - colonization tradeoff occurs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), and parasites (Harbison et al. , reviewed by Bashey ). However, despite empirical documentation, whether or not the competition – colonization tradeoff is sufficient to permit coexistence remains poorly known in natural systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of competition – colonization tradeoffs and spatial heterogeneity in promoting trematode coexistence

Mordecai

Jaramillo

Ashford

et al. 2016

Ecology

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“…Studies of multiple infections commonly explore how the most fit pathogen genotype is related to characteristics of virulence, such as the reduction in host fecundity or lifespan upon infection (reviewed in Alizon et al. ; Bashey ). Due to differences in the average lifespan between males and females (males: 33 days ± 1.9; females: 67 days ± 2.0, Thompson et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host sexual dimorphism affects the outcome of within‐host pathogen competition

2019

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Natural infections often consist of multiple pathogens of the same or different species. When coinfections occur, pathogens compete for access to host resources and fitness is determined by how well a pathogen can reproduce compared to its competitors. Yet not all hosts provide the same resource pool. Males and females, in particular, commonly vary in both their acquisition of resources and investment in immunity, but their ability to modify any competition between different pathogens remains unknown. Using the Daphnia magna–Pasteuria ramosa model system, we exposed male and female hosts to either a single genotype infection or coinfections consisting of two pathogen genotypes of varying levels of virulence. We found that coinfections within females favored the transmission of the more virulent pathogen genotype, whereas coinfections within male hosts resulted in equal transmission of competing pathogen genotypes. This contrast became less pronounced when the least virulent pathogen was able to establish an infection first, suggesting that the influence of host sex is shaped by priority effects. We suggest that sex is a form of host heterogeneity that may influence the evolution of virulence within coinfection contexts and that one sex may be a reservoir for pathogen genetic diversity in nature.

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“…S5A in the supplemental material, and reference 57). Many of their identities are currently unknown, but they may mediate additional competitive interactions, even between different symbionts, as has been suggested (84)(85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91). Additional work should also explore the archaeal, viral, protist, and invertebrate inhabitants of this community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Wollenberg

Jagdish

Slough

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Insect larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are thought to contain bacterial communities dominated by a single bacterial genus, that of the nematode's bacterial symbiont. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile bacterial community dynamics in greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae cadavers killed by Heterorhabditis nematodes and their Photorhabdus symbionts. We found that, although Photorhabdus strains did initially displace an Enterococcus-dominated community present in uninfected G. mellonella insect larvae, the cadaver community was not static. Twelve days postinfection, Photorhabdus shared the cadaver with Stenotrophomonas species. Consistent with this result, Stenotrophomonas strains isolated from infected cadavers were resistant to Photorhabdus-mediated toxicity in solid coculture assays. We isolated and characterized a Photorhabdus-produced antibiotic from G. mellonella cadavers, produced it synthetically, and demonstrated that both the natural and synthetic compounds decreased G. mellonella-associated Enterococcus growth, but not Stenotrophomonas growth, in vitro. Finally, we showed that the Stenotrophomonas strains described here negatively affected Photorhabdus growth in vitro. Our results add an important dimension to a broader understanding of Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus biology and also demonstrate that interspecific bacterial competition likely characterizes even a theoretically monoxenic environment, such as a Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus-parasitized insect cadaver. IMPORTANCEUnderstanding, and eventually manipulating, both human and environmental health depends on a complete accounting of the forces that act on and shape microbial communities. One of these underlying forces is hypothesized to be resource competition. A resource that has received little attention in the general microbiological literature, but likely has ecological and evolutionary importance, is dead/decaying multicellular organisms. Metazoan cadavers, including those of insects, are ephemeral and nutrient-rich environments, where resource competition might shape interspecific macrobiotic and microbiotic interactions. This study is the first to use a next-generation sequencing approach to study the community dynamics of bacteria within a model insect cadaver system: insect larvae parasitized by entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. By integrating bioinformatic, biochemical, and classic in vitro microbiological approaches, we have provided mechanistic insight into how antibiotic-mediated bacterial interactions may shape community dynamics within insect cadavers.

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Within-host competitive interactions as a mechanism for the maintenance of parasite diversity

Cited by 85 publications

References 111 publications

The role of competition – colonization tradeoffs and spatial heterogeneity in promoting trematode coexistence

The role of competition – colonization tradeoffs and spatial heterogeneity in promoting trematode coexistence

Host sexual dimorphism affects the outcome of within‐host pathogen competition

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

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