Within-Stem Differences in Moisture Content Loss during Transpiration and Air-Drying of Felled Oak Trees

Tomczak, Arkadiusz; Tomczak, Karol; Jelonek, Tomasz; Naskrent, Bartłomiej

doi:10.3390/f13030485

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The average absolute moisture content of wood was 84.10% for the UDW and 71.17% for the DW (Table 1). This result is similar to the wood absolute MC of the undamaged wood of birch and oak observed by Tomczak et al [40] and Tomczak et al [41]. The wood samples collected from the damaged zone (DW) of the logs were characterized by an approximately 13-percentage-point lower moisture content value than that of the undamaged zone (UDW).…”

Section: Mean Absolute Moisture Contentsupporting

confidence: 89%

Moisture Content of Fresh Scots Pine Wood in Areas near Damage Caused by Harvester Head Feed Rollers

Tomczak

Latterini

Smarul³

et al. 2023

Forests

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By damaging bark, mechanized harvesting deprives wood of its natural mechanical barrier. This study concerns the effect of this damage on the changes in moisture content that occur near the damaged areas of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). This study was carried out using 45 randomly selected 11 m long logged pine stems. Additionally, the effect of bark thickness on the depth of damage was measured. To determine the influence of the location of the damage and bark thickness on the wood moisture near the damaged region, wood samples were collected from two sections. The first was located one meter above the log’s base, while the second was located one meter from the end of the log. Two increment cores were taken by a Pressler borer in each section: one from the damaged wood zone and the second from the undamaged wood zone. The average bark thickness one meter from the base of the log was 11.2 mm, which decreased to 1.8 mm in the samples taken one meter from the top of the log. The average depths of the damage caused by feed roller spikes in the two sections were 3.9 and 3.8 mm, respectively, indicating that there was no significant effect of bark thickness on the depth of the damage. The wood samples collected near the damaged wood zone (DW) had about 13 percent lower moisture content than those taken from the undamaged zone (UDW). This difference was statistically significant. We observed greater mean moisture content closer to the top of the log for both the samples taken near the damaged zone and the samples taken from the undamaged zone. One meter from the base of the log, the moisture content difference between the DW and UDW was 9.8 percentage points, which was statistically insignificant. By contrast, significantly lower moisture content (−16%) was observed in the DW one meter from the top of the log.

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Section: Mean Absolute Moisture Contentsupporting

confidence: 89%

Moisture Content of Fresh Scots Pine Wood in Areas near Damage Caused by Harvester Head Feed Rollers

Tomczak

Latterini

Smarul³

et al. 2023

Forests

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“…Heartwood formation is perceived as a secondary process of xylem differentiation (Kampe and Magel, 2013;Ye and Zhong, 2015). The other reported heartwood feature is the difference in moisture content, comparing to sapwood, usually a decrease (Hillis, 1968;Ip et al, 1996;Tomczak et al, 2018). Generally, prior to the heartwood zone, the intermediate wood is distinguished, which, according to IAWA, is described as "the inner layers of sapwood that are transitional between sapwood and heartwood in color and general character" (IAWA 1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Longest Living Xylem Cells Locked in Lignified Cell Walls – the Case of Xylem Parenchyma in European Ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) Stems

2023

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia S. Botanica

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The investigation described herein discusses the morpho-anatomical characteristics of xylem parenchyma cells of European ash stems undergoing heartwood formation. The research material comprised of cross and radial sections of wood obtained from stems at breast height of 91-year-old ash trees, half of which had visible ash dieback symptoms. The radial section of the wood samples was stained with acetocarmine to detect nuclei and with I 2 KI solution to observe starch grains in parenchyma cells, both of radial and axial systems. Additionally, microscopic slides were stained with Alcianblue Safranin-O, and fluorescence microscopy was applied to detect lignified cell walls. The color of sapwood and heartwood distinctly differed -heartwood extracts were detected in approx. 47 rings. Most of the parenchyma cells had nuclei present in both wood zones. Also starch grains were detected in the majority of the tree rings of the researched samples. All of the xylem parenchyma cell walls of axial and radial systems were lignified. The research revealed that lignification, parenchyma cells death and the release of heartwood extracts are processes remote in time and space. Furthermore, parenchyma cell walls lignification did not figure as a sign of the upcoming parenchyma cells death. Based on the current research, ash dieback disease might slightly impact the development paths of parenchyma cells. Compared with scores reported for other trees, European ash parenchyma cells longevity is indeed remarkable.

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Methods of Wood Volume Determining and Its Implications for Forest Transport

Moskalik

Tymendorf

Saar

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Proper measurements are extremely significant for the forest owner, the harvesting company, the hauler, the final buyer, and the wood processing company. The accuracy of round wood volume determination is of fundamental importance in planning and accounting for individual processes related to the wood trade. It is the basis for determining the maximum quantity in single load of wood that allows for using the permissible total gross vehicle weight. The determination of wood load in cubic meters does not allow unequivocally determining its weight, which often leads to overloading of vehicles. This paper presents a comparison of the photo-optical method for determining the volume of wood to be transported with the real measurement and determination of the weight of a load and the total gross vehicle weight (GVW) with the simultaneous application of conversion factors determining the weight of the load from the volume of wood. The measurement included 23 broadleaf round wood piles (193.73 m3) and 14 coniferous round wood piles (149.23 m3). The measurement error for broadleaf wood piles ranges from −47.67% to 63.16%, and from −43.31% to 24.72% for coniferous wood piles. Determination of the volume of a broadleaf wood pile using the iFOVEA method had an average error of 1.34%, while the Timbeter method had an average error of −1.83%. In the coniferous wood pile measurement, the error is −12.82% and 2.41%, respectively. Verification of the volume of the large-sized wood indicated on the delivery note (reference value) on the log sorting line (by laser scanning) showed larger volumes by 0.10 m3 to 2.54 m3, giving a percentage error of 0.35% and 8.62%, respectively. As a consequence of the application of such methods for determining the weight of wood loads, the transport truck sets are often significantly overloaded, which has a significant impact on the accelerated degradation of roads and safety in traffic and timber transportation.

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Within-Stem Differences in Moisture Content Loss during Transpiration and Air-Drying of Felled Oak Trees

Cited by 3 publications

References 42 publications

Moisture Content of Fresh Scots Pine Wood in Areas near Damage Caused by Harvester Head Feed Rollers

Moisture Content of Fresh Scots Pine Wood in Areas near Damage Caused by Harvester Head Feed Rollers

The Longest Living Xylem Cells Locked in Lignified Cell Walls – the Case of Xylem Parenchyma in European Ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) Stems

Methods of Wood Volume Determining and Its Implications for Forest Transport

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