Wollastonite nanofiber–doped self-setting calcium phosphate bioactive cement for bone tissue regeneration

Abstract

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to synthesize a self-setting bioactive cement by incorporation of wollastonite nanofibers (WNFs) into calcium phosphate cement (CPC). The composition, morphology, setting time, compressive strength, hydrophilicity, and degradation of WNF-doped CPC (wnf-CPC) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy were utilized. Additionally, methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium bromide assay, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and histological evaluation were used to study the cell and tissue responses to wnf-CPC, both in vitro and in vivo. The results confirmed that the addition of WNFs into CPC had no obvious effect on the setting time or the compressive strength of wnf-CPC, provided the WNF amount was not more than 10 wt%. However, the hydrophilicity and degradability of wnf-CPC were significantly improved by the addition of WNFs -this was because of the change of microstructure caused by the WNFs. The preferred dissolution of WNFs caused the formation of microporosity in wnf-CPC when soaked in tris hydrochloride solution. The microporosity enlarged the surface area of the wnf-CPC and so promoted degradation of the wnf-CPC when in contact with liquid. In addition, MG-63 cell attachment and proliferation on the wnf-CPC were superior to that on the CPC, indicating that incorporation of WNFs into CPC improved the biological properties for wnf-CPC. Following the implantation of wnf-CPC into bone defects of rabbits, histological evaluation showed that wnf-CPC enhanced the efficiency of new bone formation in comparison with CPC, indicating excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis of wnf-CPC. In conclusion, wnf-CPC exhibited promising prospects in bone regeneration.

Self-Setting Calcium Orthophosphate Formulations

“…Being aware on the excellent bioresorbability of DCPD and CDHA, researchers are focused on attempts to overcome the mechanical weakness of the self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations by using different fillers, fibers and reinforcing additives that give rise to formation of various multiphasic biocomposites [ 128 , 129 , 133 , 225 , 296 , 459 , 462 , 463 , 464 , 465 , 466 , 467 , 468 , 469 , 470 , 471 ]. Even carbon nanotubes have been successfully tested to reinforce the self-setting formulations [ 29 , 472 , 473 , 474 ].…”

Calcium silicate as a graft material for bone fractures: a systematic review

“…17,21,22 New techniques have been developed for the synthesis of wollastonite, including the use of additives and processing at lower temperatures in order to improve its physical, chemical, and biological properties. 18,22,24 Analysis of all the procedures employed to improve the performance of this material underscores the fact that great effort has been placed to this end, as demonstrated in the literature. In addition, structural changes and experiments have been performed to test the full potential of this material; favorable results were observed for the association of wollastonite with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 28 and for magnesium-doped wollastonite, both in terms of bone regeneration potential and for improved mechanical properties.…”

“…Use of wollastonite was associated with better tissue biocompatibility, [24][25][26] faster biomaterial resorption rate, 17,21 and improved bone repair, [17][18][19]21,[24][25][26] especially in the adapted formulations.…”

Nanotechnologies in tissue engineering

“…There was no effect on the setting time or the compressive strength of wnf-CPC but the hydrophilicity and degradability of wnf-CPC were significantly improved by the addition of WNFs, which was attributed to the change of microstructure. Wnf-CPCs were then evaluated in a rabbit bone defect model and showed enhanced efficiency of new bone formation when compared with CPC alone [93] . The excellent biocompatibility and bioactive properties predestine ceramic scaffolds for use as bone graft substitutes for bone regeneration applications.…”