Women and #MeToo in Italy: Internalized sexualization is associated with tolerance of sexual harassment and negative views of the #MeToo movement

Moscatelli, Silvia; Golfieri, Francesca; Tomasetto, Carlo; Bigler, Rebecca S.

doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01350-1

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…About men, this research brings novel evidence that the more they tend to share hostile attitudes toward women who defy traditional gender roles, the less they are inclined to participate in the #MeToo movement because they see it as less beneficial for the victims of sexual harassment and for changing the status quo. These results add to previous evidence that hostile sexism toward women is a crucial predictor of tolerance toward sexual harassment [15][16][17], rape myth acceptance [14], and attitudes toward the #MeToo campaign [19,20]. Indeed, we found that hostile sexism affected not only men's attitudes toward #MeToo but also their intentions to participate in the movement actively.…”

Section: Theoretical and Practical Implicationssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Importantly for the present contribution, Moscatelli et al [19] found that higher hostile sexism toward women predicted women's higher skepticism toward the allegations made by the victims of the so-called "Weinstein scandal" and more negative views of the #MeToo campaign. Similarly, hostile sexism was associated with more negative beliefs concerning the outcomes of the movement, which in turn were associated with a higher tendency to consider social-sexual behaviors as sexual harassment [6].…”

Section: Ambivalence Toward Women and Men As An Antecedent Of Attitud...mentioning

confidence: 53%

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Behind the Lines of #MeToo: Exploring Women’s and Men’s Intentions to Join the Movement

et al. 2022

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Campaigns supporting victims of gender harassment and abuse, such as #MeToo, have made and still make significant contributions to achieving the fifth UN Sustainable Development Goal aimed at eliminating “all forms of violence against all women”. In two correlational studies, we examined possible antecedents of people’s willingness to participate in the #MeToo campaign by focusing on the role of ambivalent beliefs toward women and men and the perceived effects of the movement. Men (Study 1) and women (Study 2) were asked to answer questions concerning hostile and benevolent beliefs about women and men, respectively, their perception of the beneficial and detrimental effects of #MeToo, and their intentions to participate in the campaign. Study 1 showed that men’s hostile sexism toward women was associated with fewer intentions to actively support the #MeToo campaign and that the reduced beliefs that the movement had beneficial effects mediated this relation. Study 2 revealed that women’s stronger benevolent beliefs about men were associated with decreased perception that the #MeToo campaign had a beneficial impact. In turn, such a perception was related to lower intentions to participate in supporting the campaign. Moreover, women’s hostility toward men explained the intention to join the #MeToo movement through the mediation of the perception that the campaign was beneficial. The findings suggest that to foster participation in a feminist movement that promotes women’s rights, it is necessary to eradicate traditional gender roles and the related ideologies that legitimate men’s dominant position in society.

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Section: Theoretical and Practical Implicationssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Ambivalence Toward Women and Men As An Antecedent Of Attitud...mentioning

confidence: 53%

Behind the Lines of #MeToo: Exploring Women’s and Men’s Intentions to Join the Movement

et al. 2022

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“…In the novel, Maddalena expresses the same sentiment, saying that “non devi avere paura: la storia di una donna è la storia di tutte le donne” (Ardone, 2021: 222). Given that the #MeToo movement received relatively more pushback in Italy than in many other nations (Horowitz, 2017; Moscatelli et al, 2021: 6199–6200) and that some of the negative reactions called to mind the kinds of expectations that Franca Viola and her family thwarted, this connection between past, present, and future is not just theoretical but unfortunately all too real. At the same time, the links between social and legal change are also visible in the present, with Italy passing “the ‘Codice Rosso’ ( Red Code ) law, which aims to reinforce the protection of the victims of sexual and domestic violence,” in 2019 (Moscatelli et al, 2021: 6199).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choice and solidarity in Viola Ardone's Oliva Denaro

Donadey

2023

Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies

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Contemporary Italian writer Viola Ardone's most recent novel, Oliva Denaro (2021), fictionalizes the story of Franca Viola, a young Sicilian woman whose refusal to marry her rapist in the 1960s was the first such situation to become highly publicized. In 1981, the law supporting so-called “reparatory marriages” was repealed in Italy, and Viola's case is widely seen as having been the impetus for the change. This article first places the novel in its historical context. It discusses afterlives of Viola’ story, which was important in the Italian public sphere in the mid-1960s and has enjoyed renewed popularity since 2012. This article argues that the running thread of choice in Ardone's novel should not be read as a liberal feminist version of one individual woman defying an entire society and becoming a fully autonomous self in the process, but as a situation that applies to every character in the text. It demonstrates that, unlike the way in which Viola's story is often framed, Ardone views feminist social justice change as a collective endeavor—a gathering of many individual choices that contribute to a collective end and require institutional backing—rather than a sole individual's trajectory.

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“…Failing to recognize the severity of discrimination against women in the workplace may lead men to underestimate the socio-psychological effects of such discrimination and, consequently, to be unlikely to act as allies. Raising men’s awareness may be even more critical since gender biases are not always explicit and overtly hostile and can sometimes appear to be even “justified” (e.g., Glick and Fiske, 2011 ; Moscatelli et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men’s reactions to gender inequality in the workplace: From relative deprivation on behalf of women to collective action

et al. 2022

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Over recent years, the role of men as women’s allies in the struggle for gender equality has become increasingly important. Previous research has shown that often men do not fight gender inequalities as they fail to recognize the severity of discrimination against women (e.g., in hiring). In this study (N = 427), we examined whether men who experienced relative deprivation on behalf of women—a form of relative deprivation that stems from the awareness that women hold a less privileged position in society—were more motivated to engage in collective action to support gender equality in the workplace. The findings showed that men’s feelings of deprivation on behalf of women were associated with a greater willingness to engage in collective action for gender equality. This relationship was sequentially mediated by two emotional reactions related to deprivation—increased guilt about gender inequalities and decreased fear of a potential backlash—and the moral conviction of acting for gender equality. These results suggest that men’s awareness of gender inequality at work is an important antecedent to their acting in solidarity with women and that emotions and moral conviction are two psychological processes that turn cognition into behavior. Action to reduce gender inequalities should make men more sensitive to seeing that they hold a privileged position in society and to recognizing the pervasive and harmful nature of women’s deprivation.

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Women and #MeToo in Italy: Internalized sexualization is associated with tolerance of sexual harassment and negative views of the #MeToo movement

Cited by 18 publications

References 67 publications

Behind the Lines of #MeToo: Exploring Women’s and Men’s Intentions to Join the Movement

Behind the Lines of #MeToo: Exploring Women’s and Men’s Intentions to Join the Movement

Choice and solidarity in Viola Ardone's Oliva Denaro

Men’s reactions to gender inequality in the workplace: From relative deprivation on behalf of women to collective action

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