Women and sport

O’Brien, M.

doi:10.1016/0003-6870(85)90144-9

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Sodium phosphate is another legal, nutritional supplement where the ingestion of~4 g or 50 mg • kg −1 fat free mass (FFM) per day for 3-6 days has been reported to improve endurance exercise performance (Brewer, Dawson, Wallman, & Guelfi, 2013;Kreider et al, 1992;Kreider, Miller, Williams, Somma, & Nasser, 1990) and aerobic capacity (Brewer, Dawson, Wallman, & Guelfi, 2014;Cade et al, 1984;Czuba, Zajac, Poprzecki, Cholewa, & Woska, 2009;Kreider et al, 1992), with other studies finding no benefit (Buck, Wallman, Dawson, McNaughton, & Guelfi, 2014;West, Ayton, Wallman, & Guelfi, 2012). Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to provide benefit to exercise performance following sodium phosphate loading, with these including enhanced 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration in red blood cells, which allows for a greater unloading of oxygen to the peripheral tissues (Benesch & Benesch, 1969); improved buffering capacity of hydrogen ions due to increased hydrogen phosphate concentrations (Kreider, 1999); improved myocardial efficiency, which results in more efficient oxygenation of exercising muscles (Kreider et al, 1992); greater ATP/PCr synthesis due to increased availability of extracellular and intracellular phosphate (Bredle, Stager, Brechue, & Farber, 1988;Kreider, 1999); and enhanced activation of rate-limiting constituents of the glycolytic and Krebs cycles (Kreider et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sodium phosphate and caffeine loading on repeated-sprint ability

Buck

Guelfi

Dawson

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The effects of sodium phosphate and caffeine supplementation were assessed on repeated-sprint ability. Using a randomised, double-blind, Latin-square design, 12 female, team-sport players participated in four trials: (1) sodium phosphate and caffeine, (2) sodium phosphate and placebo (for caffeine), (3) caffeine and placebo (for sodium phosphate) and (4) placebo (for sodium phosphate and caffeine), with ~21 days separating each trial. After each trial, participants performed a simulated team-game circuit (4 × 15 min quarters) with 6 × 20-m repeated-sprints performed once before (Set 1), at half-time (Set 2), and after end (Set 3). Total sprint times were faster after sodium phosphate and caffeine supplementation compared with placebo (Set 1: P = 0.003; Set 2: d = -0.51; Set 3: P < 0.001; overall: P = 0.020), caffeine (Set 3: P = 0.004; overall: P = 0.033) and sodium phosphate (Set 3: d = -0.67). Furthermore, total sprint times were faster after sodium phosphate supplementation compared with placebo (Set 1: d = -0.52; Set 3: d = -0.58). Best sprint results were faster after sodium phosphate and caffeine supplementation compared with placebo (Set 3: P = 0.007, d = -0.90) and caffeine (Set 3: P = 0.024, d = -0.73). Best sprint times were also faster after sodium phosphate supplementation compared with placebo (d = -0.54 to -0.61 for all sets). Sodium phosphate and combined sodium phosphate and caffeine loading improved repeated-sprint ability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sodium phosphate and caffeine loading on repeated-sprint ability

Buck

Guelfi

Dawson

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…However, East African female runners' superiority is not as strongly established as for men (in 2012, 54 % for women as opposed to 91% in men). This difference can be explained by their later arrival in this event; their first appearance in the marathon occurred in 1984 in the Los Angeles Olympic Games 30 .…”

Section: East Africans and Long Distance Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic enrolment of the top 100 in athletics running events from 1996 to 2012

Marc¹,

Sedeaud²,

Schipman³

et al. 2017

J Sports Med Phys Fitness

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+33141744124Purpose It is widely accepted in the literature that athletes of West African origins achieve the best sprint performances; while, athletes originating from East Africa are the most efficient at long distances. No epidemiological studies have measured the evolution of the contributing of each of these athlete origin groups from 100m to the marathon.Method Speed, morphology and geographic origin of the Top 100 male and female athletes (from 100m to the marathon) were collected and analyzed over the 1996-2012 period. ResultsThe amount of male sprinters (100m, 200m and 400m) originating from West Africa increased from 57.7% in 1996 to 72.3% in 2012, while female sprinters from West Africa increased from 55% to 65% over the same period. This contribution has gradually increased from 400m to 100m for both sexes. For long distance events (3000m, 10000m and marathon), male athletes from East Africa represented 32% in 1996, which increased to 65.7% in 2012 and increased over the same period from 9% to 39% for women. In addition, male and female sprinters originating from West Africa have a significantly higher (p<0.05) BMI than athletes of other geographic origin. Conversely, long distances runners' BMI are significantly lower for runners with an East African origin (p<0.05). ConclusionsThe best performances are dominated by a few groups including the West African ancestry for the sprint distances and East African runners for the long distances. This dominance is strengthened from 1996 to 2012 for both sexes to the detriment of Caucasian and Asian athletes.

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“…Indeed, the increase of women's participation in the Olympic Games has grown from only 1.9% in 1900 to 42.3% in 2008 in Beijing (Olympics at Sports Reference, s. d.). In particular for the marathon, the first appearance of women occurred less than 30 years ago in the Los Angeles Olympic Games of 1984(O'Brien, 1985. Today, women's mean participation in international marathons is 33% (Association of Road Racing Statisticians ARRS, s. d.).…”

Section: Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Marathon progress: demography, morphology and environment

Marc

Sedeaud

Guillaume

et al. 2013

Journal of Sports Sciences

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As opposed to many other track-and-field events, marathon performances still improve. We choose to better describe the reasons for such a progression. The 100 best marathon runners archived from January 1990 to December 2011 for men and from January 1996 to December 2011 for women were analysed. We determined the impact of historical, demographic, physiological, seasonal and environmental factors. Performances in marathons improve at every level of performance (deciles). In 2011, 94% of the 100 best men athletes were African runners; among women athletes they were 52%. Morphological indicators (stature, body mass and Body Mass Index (BMI)) have decreased. We show a parabolic function between BMI and running speed. The seasonal distribution has two peaks, in spring (weeks 14 to 17) and autumn (weeks 41 to 44). During both periods, the average temperature of the host cities varies close to optimal value for long distance race. African men and women runners are increasingly dominating the marathon and pushing its record, through optimal eco-physiological conditions.

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Women and sport

Cited by 7 publications

References 110 publications

Effects of sodium phosphate and caffeine loading on repeated-sprint ability

Effects of sodium phosphate and caffeine loading on repeated-sprint ability

Geographic enrolment of the top 100 in athletics running events from 1996 to 2012

Marathon progress: demography, morphology and environment

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