Women have a larger and less atherogenic low density lipoprotein particle size than men

Nikkilä, Matti; Pitkäjärvi, T; Koivula, Timo; Solakivi, Tiina; Lehtimäki, Terho; Laippala, Pékka; Jokela, Hannu; Lehtomäki, Erkki; Seppä, Kaija; Sillanaukee, Pekka

doi:10.1016/0021-9150(95)05645-9

Cited by 50 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The same study also showed that the risk of having LDL subclass pattern B was higher for subjects carrying the apoE3/4 genotype compared with both the apoE2/3 and apoE3/3 genotypes. Consistent with these observations, Nikkilä et al (87) reported that LDL size was lowest in E4/4 and increased in the order E3/4, E3/3, and E2/3. In contrast, an earlier study conducted in healthy middle aged men (88) and a second one performed in children (89) reported no difference in LDL particle size among the different apoE genotypes.…”

Section: Association Studiessupporting

confidence: 52%

Genetics of LDL particle heterogeneity

Bossé

Pérusse

Vohl

2004

Journal of Lipid Research

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Section: Association Studiessupporting

confidence: 52%

Genetics of LDL particle heterogeneity

Bossé

Pérusse

Vohl

2004

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…Sex is reportedly a factor that influences small, dense LDL particles (24,25 ). Nikkila et al (25 ) reported that larger and less atherogenic LDL particles were observed in women and suggested that this may be attributable to lower hepatic lipase activity resulting from the influence of female sex hormones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Relationships between Serum Apolipoprotein B and Serum Lipid Distributions

Kim¹,

Hwang

Sung

et al. 2005

Clinical Chemistry

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Background: Apolipoprotein B (apo B) has been reported to be a better predictor of coronary artery disease than cholesterol indices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate concordances/discordances between cholesterol indices and apo B and to assess the factors that influence them. Methods: For this study, 11 816 individuals (6965 males, 4851 females), none of whom had a past history of coronary artery disease, were selected from among visitors to the health promotion center at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital between January and December 2002. We assessed concordances between the biochemical indices of atherogenicity and evaluated factors associated with discordances. Results: Apo B and various cholesterol indices were correlated, although concordance fell within the range 47%-56%. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed an increasing risk of a disproportionately higher apo B than LDL-cholesterol in males, the elderly, smokers, individuals with metabolic syndrome, in those with high HDL-cholesterol or triglyceride (TG) concentrations or larger waist circumferences, and in those with low total cholesterol (TC). Conclusions: The introduction of apo B to standard lipid profile testing could improve the evaluation of risk factors of coronary artery disease and aid more accurate assessment of the effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy, particularly in males, the elderly, smokers, or in individuals with metabolic syndrome, high HDL-cholesterol, high TGs, larger waist circumferences, or low TC.

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“…The sex dimorphism in LDL particle size, women have larger LDL particles than men, is also well established (78,323,364,397). However, Lemieux et al (311) reported that sex differences in visceral adiposity and circulating triglyceride levels (18, 364, 556) could not entirely explain the LDL particle size dimorphism.…”

Section: B Gendermentioning

confidence: 96%

Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update

Tchernof

Després

2013

Physiological Reviews

1,985

1,613

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LTchernof A, Després J-P. Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update. Physiol Rev 93: 359 -404, 2013; doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2011.-Excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation, often termed visceral obesity, is part of a phenotype including dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and ectopic triglyceride storage closely related to clustering cardiometabolic risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia; increased free fatty acid availability; adipose tissue release of proinflammatory cytokines; liver insulin resistance and inflammation; increased liver VLDL synthesis and secretion; reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; presence of small, dense LDL particles; and reduced HDL cholesterol levels are among the many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition. Age, gender, genetics, and ethnicity are broad etiological factors contributing to variation in visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Specific mechanisms responsible for proportionally increased visceral fat storage when facing positive energy balance and weight gain may involve sex hormones, local cortisol production in abdominal adipose tissues, endocannabinoids, growth hormone, and dietary fructose. Physiological characteristics of abdominal adipose tissues such as adipocyte size and number, lipolytic responsiveness, lipid storage capacity, and inflammatory cytokine production are significant correlates and even possible determinants of the increased cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Thiazolidinediones, estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women, and testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient men have been shown to favorably modulate body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk to various degrees. However, some of these therapies must now be considered in the context of their serious side effects. Lifestyle interventions leading to weight loss generally induce preferential mobilization of visceral fat. In clinical practice, measuring waist circumference in addition to the body mass index could be helpful for the identification and management of a subgroup of overweight or obese patients at high cardiometabolic risk.

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Women have a larger and less atherogenic low density lipoprotein particle size than men

Cited by 50 publications

References 31 publications

Genetics of LDL particle heterogeneity

Genetics of LDL particle heterogeneity

Comparison of the Relationships between Serum Apolipoprotein B and Serum Lipid Distributions

Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update

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