Women in intercollegiate athletics : an exploration of the career development of female senior administrators.

The Effect of Social and Institutional Factors on Women Empowerment in Ethiopian Public Higher Education Institutions: Policy Percpectives

“…Researchers examined that the structural, organizational barriers women encounter in advancing to higherlevel management positions are the major issues that challenges in developed and developing countries [1,2,3]., homologous reproduction, work-life balance issue, gender role stereotypes and perceptions of gendered opportunities can be the major issues that significantly affect women's advancement to higher management position [4,5,6] More importantly, the beliefs on others are concerned Work-life balance and the inter-role conflict wherein at least some work and family responsibilities significantly affect the beliefs of respondents on women's leadership issues [3]. Demands of work negatively limit the time women and men have to spend with the family, and time with the family may also negatively restrict time to spend on work [4].…”

Role models, women's leadership and careers of women in the management of professional baseball.

“…Previous research (Grappendorf, Lough, & Griffin, 2004;Hancock, 2012) reported the glass wall metaphor in the sports industry. Women rarely get positions in the financial area, which is an important career path to the top level.…”

“…The under-representation of women within sports organizations has received considerable attention in the recent years (Inglis, Danylchuk, & Pastore, 1996Sartore & Cunningham, 2007). Literature indicates that women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions in intercollegiate athletics (Acosta & Carpenter, 2012;Hancock. 2012;Lapchick, 2010), interscholastic sport (Ladda, 2009;Mather, 2007;Whisenant, Pedersen, & Obenour, 2002), campus recreation (Bower, 2004), health and fitness (Bower & Coffee, 2007), professional sports (Hums & Sutton, 1998;McDonogh, 2007) and international sports (Hums, Barr, & Döll-Tepper, 1998;Hums, Moorman, & Nakazawa, 1998;IOC, 2012;Itoh, Hums, Bower, & Moorman, 2013).…”

“…Previous studies have identified barriers to women's career development in the sport industry especially in intercollegiate athletics, including (a) old boys' network (Bower & Hums, 2009;Hancock, 2012;, (b) homologous reproduction (Aicher & Sagas, 2009;Whisenant et al, 2002), (c) work-life balance issues Sagas & Cunningham, 2004) and (d) gender role stereotypes and perceptions of gendered opportunities Burton et al, 2011;Grappendorf et al, 2004;. Sartore and Cunningham (2007) addressed how these gender discrimination and stereotype factors become obstacles to women who have careers in athletics because they obstruct the development of women's identity as leaders and have consequences for self-limiting behaviors.…”

“…Women in management positions in professional baseball also likely face similar barriers as women in other sport industry segments (Bower & Hums, 2009;Hancock, 2012;. However, what makes the professional baseball industry different from other sports organizations are the aspects of participation and cultural gender stereotypical ideas.…”