“…Our dependent variable is defined as CSR_INDEX and is measured as an average score derived from the ratio between the aggregation of the following five items of CSR—each one measured as a dummy variable—and the total five items analysed: (a) disclosure of CSR information by any means—that is, this item will be given a value of 1 if a firm discloses information on social and environmental matters on its home page using its own reports and/or discloses this information using the GRI report, with 0 given when firms do not report CSR information in any case; (b) disclosure of CSR information through non‐GRI reports—i.e., this item will be given a value of 1 if a firm does not disclose CSR information using the GRI reports (firms do not follow the pattern or format of report recommended by the GRI), but it does provide this information according to its own criterion and on its own home page with its own report, with 0 given otherwise; (c) disclosure of CSR information through the GRI reports—that is, this item will be given a value of 1 if a firm discloses social and environmental information using the format or pattern of report recommended by the GRI, but the companies may also provide this information by other means, with 0 given otherwise; (d) the CSR report is certified (checked) by the GRI—that is, this item will be given a value of 1 if the GRI report used by a firm to disclose social and environmental information is checked by the GRI, with 0 given otherwise; and (e) the CSR information is also audited by an external and independent body (external assurance)—that is, this item will be given a value of 1 if the CSR information disclosed by a firm is audited by an independent and external body, with 0 given otherwise. This measure has been created according to the method of analysis of CSR used by Alonso‐Almeida, Perramon, and Bagur (), Dong, Burritt, and Qian (), Harjoto et al (), and Lock and Seele (), among others. In Table , we show the classification of the firms, according to the values of the CSR index ranging from 0 to 1.…”