A recent lecture at a well-attended international meeting prominently featured the scientific contributions of several men to the advancement of our understanding of the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS). Strikingly, at least to the women in the audience, there was no reference to the contributions of even one woman. In this issue of Multiple Sclerosis Journal (MSJ), Dr McCombe seeks to balance the historical record by highlighting the key role that women scientists have played in advancing the field of MS with respect to domains such as pathology, immunology, epidemiology, as well as related fields such as genetics. 1 Dr McCombe also notes that women are still substantially underrepresented in scientific leadership roles in influential organizations within the field. Several other recent publications have highlighted the gender gap in health research, and in MS research in particular. A review of largely physician-focused recognition awards from the American Academy of Neurology found that during the 10-year period from 2008 to 2017, the proportion of women receiving awards increased only slightly from 24.7% to 31.5%. In contrast, the proportion of women physicians employed in academic neurology departments increased by 25% between 2009 and 2015. 2 Thomson et al. examined 2,080 articles published in four general neurology journals (Annals of Neurology, JAMA Neurology, Brain, and Neurology), and 452 published in two MS journals (MSJ, and Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders) in 2017. 3 Overall, only 25% of senior authors in general neurology journals were women, while MS journals fared only slightly better at 36%. Women are even less represented as authors of seminal MS clinical trials (23%). 4 Some studies suggest that female gender is associated with perceived lower value in science. Following a change in grant funding programs in 2014, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research examined the success rates of male and female applicants and concluded that recognized gender gaps in funding were "attributable to less favorable assessments of women as principal investigators, not of the quality of their proposed research." 5 Double-blind peer review is associated with greater acceptance rates of publications by female first authors, 6 which also suggests that gender influences the perceptions of the reviewer.Why should we care about the lack of recognition and under-representation of women, as well as under-representation of minority racial, ethnic or other groups in the global MS research community? John Donne articulated it well when he said that, No [person] is an island entire of itself; every [person] is a piece of the continent, a part of the main … And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. 7In other words, we all lose. Some of those losses are intuitively obvious-we lose the intellectual capital, contributions, and perspectives of talented individuals. Less intuitive is how those lost contributions may inhibit progress toward understanding a...